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Bio 66 > Chapter 7 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the two divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

What does the CNS stand for and what does it involve

A

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS stand for and what does it involve

A

Peripheral nervous system

Cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

What controls the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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5
Q

What controls the smooth/cardiac muscle

A

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

What system is known as rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What system is known as fight or flight

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

How can a neuron communicate

A

electrical signals

Chemical messengers = neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What are Glial cells

A

supporting cells that help neurons to function

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10
Q

What receives information from other neurons

A

dendrites

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11
Q

Where do action potentials generally occur

A

in the axons

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12
Q

Where do action potentials specifically occur in myelinated axons

A

node of ravier

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13
Q

What is the percentage of neurons and glial cells in the CNS

A

50% neurons

50% glial

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14
Q

Where are glial cells found and give an example

A

surrounding the axon and dendrites

Schwann cells (PNS)

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15
Q

What do Schwann cells form in the PNS

A

Myelin around the axon

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16
Q

What causes myelin to form around the CNS axon

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What does the afferent neuron do

A

Takes information away from tissue and organs to the CNS

Known as sensory

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18
Q

What does the efferent neuron do

A

Take information away from the CNS to effector cells

Known as motor

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19
Q

What system is a muscle contraction an example of

A

Somatic

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20
Q

What does a interneuron do

A

Connects neurons within the CNS

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21
Q

What is a ganglion

A

Grouping of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

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22
Q

What is Ohm’s Law

A

I = V/R

I = Current
V = electrical potential
R = resistance
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23
Q

What is current

A

movement of electrical charge

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24
Q

What is resistance

A

hindrance of electrical charge movement

25
Q

What is the unit of electrical potential

A

Volts (V)

26
Q

What is the difference between Insulators and Conductors

A

Insulators = materials with high electrical resistance

Conductors = opposite

27
Q

What is Potential difference

A

Difference in charge between 2 points

28
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron

A
  • 70 mV
29
Q

What happens in the sodium potassium pump

A

3 molecules of Na move out

2 molecules of K move in

30
Q

What are leak channels

A

always opened

31
Q

What are gated channels

A

only open to certain substances

32
Q

What happens to the membrane potential in Depolarisation

A

becomes less negative

From -70 to -55

33
Q

What happens to the membrane potential in Hyperpolarisation

A

becomes more negative

34
Q

Explain the steps of Depolarisation

A

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor
Causes Na to move into neuron making membrane potential less negative
Once it reaches threshold potential of -55 voltage gated Na channels, Na rushes in.
This causes an all or none sequence and subsequently an action potential occurs

35
Q

What is repolarisation

A

the return to resting membrane potential

36
Q

What is Ion Gating

A

the opening and closing of membrane ion channels due to charges/permability/polarisation

37
Q

Explain the steps of Repolarisation

A 
Membrane potential reaches +30 mV
Na channels become inactive
K voltage gated channels open
K exits out
Membrane potential becomes more negative
38
Q

Explain the steps of Hyperpolarisation

A

Sodium potassium pump moves Na out and K in
Cl- channels open and enter neuron
This causes membrane potential to become more negative than resting
Depolarisation then occurs

39
Q

What is a refractory period

A

Period where an action potential cannot occur

40
Q

What is propagation

A

the one way travel of a electrical signal due to the refractory period

41
Q

What is a salatory conduction

A

action potentials jump from one node of ranvier to another

42
Q

What is a synapse

A

junction beween neurons or another cell

43
Q

What is the difference between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic

A

Pre is when the neuron sends a message to another neuron

Post is when a neuron receives a message from the Pre

44
Q

Name the two types of synaptic transmission

A 
Chemical = neurotransmitter
Electrical = current flow
45
Q

Explain how neurotransmitters are released

A

Action potential reaches terminal
Voltage gated Ca channels open
Ca diffuses in and binds to sensor protein in vesicles containing the neurotransmitter
Exocytosis of vesicle occurs and the release of neurotransmitter

46
Q

Graded potentials can be…

A

Excitatory - depolarisation through Na or Ca entry

Inhibitory - hyperpolarisation through Cl entry

47
Q

Excitation can be referred to as….

A

EPSP = excitatory postsynaptic potential

48
Q

Inhibitory can be referred to as….

A

IPSP = inhibitory postsynaptic potential

49
Q

Name two neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

Catecholamines

50
Q

Name the two types of neurotransmitting receptors

A

Nicotinic receptors

Muscarinic receptors

51
Q

What is involved with the Nicotinic receptor

A

Brain
Autonomic nervous system
Skeletal muscle fibers

52
Q

What is involved with the Muscarinic receptor

A

Smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
some glands

53
Q

Give some example of a Catecholamine

A

Epinephrine = adrenaline

54
Q

Characteristics of catecholamines

A

based on tyrosine
Adrenergic neuron releases catecholamines
Adrenergic receptors
Cause mood, movement and blood pressure regulation

55
Q

What is Divergence

A

one neuron synapses with multiple other neurons

56
Q

What is Convergence

A

Multiple axons synapse onto a single neuron

57
Q

What is Spatial summation

A

When signals from converging presynaptic axons summate onto a postsynaptic neuron

58
Q

What is temporal summation

A

When multiple signals from one presynaptic axon summate onto a postsynaptic neuron

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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