Chapter 2 Chemical Compositions of the Body Flashcards
what is an ion?
mismatch between number of protons and electrons; results when an atoms gains or loses one or more electrons
covalent bond
strongest chemical bond, atoms share electrons; eg. CH4
ionic bond
opposite charges attract; one atom loses and electron the other one excepts it; eg. Na+Cl-
hydrogen bonds
weaker then ionic bonds; attraction of H to O or N; seeing as dashed lines; eg. H2O molecules
van der Waals forces
weakest chemical bond; molecules are near by each other and just have a slight electrical attraction; eg. between lipid molecules
molecular weight
grams of solute you need to add to 1 L of solvent to produce a 1-molar (M) solution
non-polar compounds
don´t have a charge
polar compounds
can dissolve other polar compounds, are slightly charged
They have opposite charges at each end of the bond
hydrophilic compounds
dissolve in water
amphipathic
don´t like water enither fats, don´t like polar neither non-polar solvents
ph value
indicates the acidity of a solution
what is the primary determinant of solution´s acidity?
free hydrogen ions
hydrophobic compounds
fats; don´t dissolve in water; dissolve in other hydrophobic, non-polar solvents
realtionship between acidity and ph
more acidity = lower ph; fewer acidity = higher ph
ph < 7 = acidic ( a lot of hydrogen)
ph 7 = neutral
ph > 7 alkaline
organic molecules
carbohydrates (suagrs), lipids, proteins, nulcleic acids (DNA, RNA)
They contain C and H
general formular of carbohydrates
C(n)H(2n)O(n) (twice as many hydrogen molecules then carbon and oxygen
function of carbohydrates
energy storage and production
glycogen
stored energy unit made by glucose;
types of lipids
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (ring structure)
structure of lipids
non-polar covalent bonds
low solubility in water
all carbons are connected to hydrogen
phopholipids
have polar and non-polar region
structure of proteins
build by amino acids (like a string of beads)
main components of proteins
C, H, O, N, sulfur + other elements in small amounts
funtion of proteins
enymes, cell-attachments, homrones…..
peptide bonds
covalent bond that connects amino acids
primary protein structure
all amino acids string
secondary protein structure
folded shape of polypeptide chain
what can cause secondary structure
hydrogen-, ionic bonds and van der Waals forces
tertiary proein structure
more folding, protein starts functioning
quaternary protein structure
multiple polypeptided bonds together
structure of nulceic acids
sugar+base+phosphate
funtion of nucleic acids
information storage (DNA & RNA), energy storgae (ATP), high energy electron transfer molecules (NADH & FADH2)
DNA, RNA
2 chains of deoxyribonucleotides, 1 chain of ribonucleotides
bases of DNA
Guanine, Tymine, Cytosine, Adenine
bonds between bases
Hydrogen bonds between C - G, T - A, A - T, G - C
RNA bonds
same as DNA except Uracil instead of Thymine; U - A, A - T
List the bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Van der Waals forces
What bonds are found in Carbohydrates
Covalent
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Many monosaccharide molescules
Saturated fatty acid
All C linked by single covalent bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid
Some double bonds
Phospholipids are made up of
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate
Triglyceride is made up of
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
What are Micelles
amphipathic phospholipids mix with water
function of lipids
best energy source
used in membranes and hormones
insulation
