Chapter 2 Chemical Compositions of the Body

Question 1

what is an ion?

Answer 1

mismatch between number of protons and electrons; results when an atoms gains or loses one or more electrons

Question 2

covalent bond

Answer 2

strongest chemical bond, atoms share electrons; eg. CH4

Question 3

ionic bond

Answer 3

opposite charges attract; one atom loses and electron the other one excepts it; eg. Na+Cl-

Question 4

hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

weaker then ionic bonds; attraction of H to O or N; seeing as dashed lines; eg. H2O molecules

Question 5

van der Waals forces

Answer 5

weakest chemical bond; molecules are near by each other and just have a slight electrical attraction; eg. between lipid molecules

Question 6

molecular weight

Answer 6

grams of solute you need to add to 1 L of solvent to produce a 1-molar (M) solution

Question 7

non-polar compounds

Answer 7

don´t have a charge

Question 8

polar compounds

Answer 8

can dissolve other polar compounds, are slightly charged

They have opposite charges at each end of the bond

Question 9

hydrophilic compounds

Answer 9

dissolve in water

Question 10

amphipathic

Answer 10

don´t like water enither fats, don´t like polar neither non-polar solvents

Question 11

ph value

Answer 11

indicates the acidity of a solution

Question 12

what is the primary determinant of solution´s acidity?

Answer 12

free hydrogen ions

Question 13

hydrophobic compounds

Answer 13

fats; don´t dissolve in water; dissolve in other hydrophobic, non-polar solvents

Question 14

realtionship between acidity and ph

Answer 14

more acidity = lower ph; fewer acidity = higher ph
ph < 7 = acidic ( a lot of hydrogen)
ph 7 = neutral
ph > 7 alkaline

Question 15

organic molecules

Answer 15

carbohydrates (suagrs), lipids, proteins, nulcleic acids (DNA, RNA)

They contain C and H

Question 16

general formular of carbohydrates

Answer 16

C(n)H(2n)O(n) (twice as many hydrogen molecules then carbon and oxygen

Question 17

function of carbohydrates

Answer 17

energy storage and production

Question 18

glycogen

Answer 18

stored energy unit made by glucose;

Question 19

types of lipids

Answer 19

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (ring structure)

Question 20

structure of lipids

Answer 20

non-polar covalent bonds
low solubility in water
all carbons are connected to hydrogen

Question 21

phopholipids

Answer 21

have polar and non-polar region

Question 22

structure of proteins

Answer 22

build by amino acids (like a string of beads)

Question 23

main components of proteins

Answer 23

C, H, O, N, sulfur + other elements in small amounts

Question 24

funtion of proteins

Answer 24

enymes, cell-attachments, homrones…..

Question 25

peptide bonds

Answer 25

covalent bond that connects amino acids

Question 26

primary protein structure

Answer 26

all amino acids string

Question 27

secondary protein structure

Answer 27

folded shape of polypeptide chain

Question 28

what can cause secondary structure

Answer 28

hydrogen-, ionic bonds and van der Waals forces

Question 29

tertiary proein structure

Answer 29

more folding, protein starts functioning

Question 30

quaternary protein structure

Answer 30

multiple polypeptided bonds together

Question 31

structure of nulceic acids

Answer 31

sugar+base+phosphate

Question 32

funtion of nucleic acids

Answer 32

information storage (DNA & RNA), energy storgae (ATP), high energy electron transfer molecules (NADH & FADH2)

Question 33

DNA, RNA

Answer 33

2 chains of deoxyribonucleotides, 1 chain of ribonucleotides

Question 34

bases of DNA

Answer 34

Guanine, Tymine, Cytosine, Adenine

Question 35

bonds between bases

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonds between C - G, T - A, A - T, G - C

Question 36

RNA bonds

Answer 36

same as DNA except Uracil instead of Thymine; U - A, A - T

Question 37

List the bonds from strongest to weakest

Answer 37

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Van der Waals forces

Question 38

What bonds are found in Carbohydrates

Answer 38

Covalent

Question 39

Monosaccharide

Answer 39

Simple sugar

Question 40

Disaccharide

Answer 40

Two monosaccharides

Question 41

Polysaccharide

Answer 41

Many monosaccharide molescules

Question 42

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 42

All C linked by single covalent bonds

Question 43

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 43

Some double bonds

Question 44

Phospholipids are made up of

Answer 44

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate

Question 45

Triglyceride is made up of

Answer 45

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

Question 46

What are Micelles

Answer 46

amphipathic phospholipids mix with water

Question 47

function of lipids

Answer 47

best energy source
used in membranes and hormones
insulation