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Bio 66 > Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Circulatory system

A

Transports molecules and other substances in the plasma

Between cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Vessels
Blood

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4
Q

What is a heart

A

Pump of variable rate and strength

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5
Q

What is the vessels

A

Pipes of variable diameter

Interconnected system

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6
Q

What is the blood

A

Fluid of variable volume and viscosity
Contains water, solutes and cells
Average 5.5L

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7
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that is composed of RBCs

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8
Q

What substance in RBC carries oxygen and Co2

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What is plasma

What does it include in it

A

Fluid portion of blood

Includes water, ions, proteins, nutrients, hormones and waste

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10
Q

What are WBC used for

A

Immunity

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11
Q

What are Platelets for

A

clotting

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12
Q

What is the heart made up of

A

Cardiac muscle

Endothelial cells

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13
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Muscular wall of heart

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14
Q

What seperates the right and left side of the heart

A

Muscular septum

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15
Q

What is the atrium

What blood does it recieve

A

Upper chamber of heart

Venous blood

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16
Q

Where does the right atrium recieve blood from

A

systemic circulation

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17
Q

Where does the left atrium recieve blood from

A

pulmonary circulation

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18
Q

What is the ventricle

What does it do

A

Lower chamber of heart

Pumps blood into arteries

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19
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

To the lungs

Deoxygenated

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20
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

To the body

Oxygenated

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21
Q

What seperates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

What seperates the atriums and ventricles

A

Fibrous skeleton

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23
Q

What is the aorta and where is it

A

Artery

Exits left ventricle

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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation refers to

A

the lungs

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25
Systemic circulation refers to
the other organs
26
List the steps of pulmonary circulation (5)
1. Right ventricle - Pulmonary artery 2. To lungs 3. Picks up oxygen 4. Releases CO2 5. Back to left atrium - Pulmonary vein
27
List the steps of systemic circulation
1. Left ventricle - aorta 2. Organ systems 3. Releases oxygen 4. Picks up CO2 5. Back to right atrium - vena cava
28
Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between right atrium and ventricle
29
Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between left atrium and ventricle
30
What causes valves to open and close
Pressure differences
31
What are papillary muscles
limit valve movement to prevent backflow of blood into atria
32
What are the two semilunar valves called and where are they located
Pulmonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta
33
What do we use to hear heart sounds
Stethoscope
34
What is the first sound known as How loud is it What causes the sound
"Lub" Soft, low pitched AV valve closing - onset of systole
35
What is the second sound known as How loud is it What causes it
"dub" Louder SL valve closing - onset of diastole
36
Systole is the period where...
ventricular contraction and blood ejection
37
Diastole is the period where
ventricular relaxation and blood filling
38
Pressure is the force... Measured in...
exerted by blood mmHg
39
Blood flow is from...
Region of high pressure to region of low pressure
40
How many seconds for systole
0.3 secs
41
How many seconds for diastole
0.5 secs
42
What is an Isovolumetric contraction
When pressure in ventricles increases as ventricles contract - causes AV valves to close and "lub" sound
43
What is the amount of blood ejected known as
stroke volume
44
stroke volume accounts for around...
2/3 of the blood from ventricles
45
What is an Isovolumetric relaxation
When pressure in ventricles decreases causing semilunar valves to close and "dub" sound
46
What is the usual pressure required for systole and diastol
120 mmHg = systole | 80 mmHg = diastole
47
What is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole known as
EDV = end diastolic volume
48
What initiates AP in cardiac cells
SA node
49
The SA node is... (4)
1. Hearts pacemaker 2. Small group of cardiac muscle cells on right atrium 3. Depolarise spontaneously and quickly 4. Excitation causes contraction
50
How does the AP spread through the atria
Gap junctions | Electrical synapses
51
What does the AV node do
Carries AP from right atrium to ventricles via bundle of His
52
What is unique about AV node
has slow conduction to allow ventricles to fill up with blood
53
What are pacemaker potentials
spontaneous depolarisation during diastole
54
What occurs in a funny current
Na ions leak through HCN channels causing depolarisation HCN channels are open during hyperpolarisation
55
What causes further depolarisation to occur in the heart
Ca ions entering through voltage gated channels Ca ion entering through calcium channels in SR Contraction then occurs
56
What repolarises the heart
K channels opening
57
What is the order of channels opening and which ones are fast and slow
Na channels (fast) = rapid depolarisation Ca channels (slow) = prolong plateau K channels CLOSE = prolong plateau K channels OPEN = repolarisation
58
What do calcium ions do in cardiac muscle How
Regulate the contraction Extracellular Ca causes release of Ca from SR
59
What prevent tetanus from occuring in the heart and allows ventricles time to fill up
Prolonged refractory period
60
What is used to detect electrical activity in the heart
ECG
61
What are the 3 ECG waves
P QRS T
62
What is the cause of P wave
Spread of atrial depolarisation
63
What is the cause of QRS wave
Spread of depolarisation into the ventricles
64
What is the cause of T wave
Repolarisation of ventricles
65
What way does depolarisation and repolarisation occur in the ventricles
Depolarisation = inside out Repolarisation = outside in
66
Characteristics of arteries
1. Strong and Thick elastic walls that resist flow 2. Higher pressure 3. Low volume
67
Characteristics of veins
1. Weaker walls 2. Wider lumen 3. Fill more easily 4. Act as volume reservoirs 5. Low pressure 6. High volume
68
What do capillaries lack
Smooth muscle
69
What two things controls the volume of blood that each capillary receives
Circular smooth muscle in Metarterioles Precapillary sphincters
70
The greatest pressure drop occurs in what blood vessel
Arterioles
71
Arterioles control... By either...
Blood flow into capillaries vasocontricting or vasodilating
72
What do capillaries allow to happen
mediate exchange of substances with ISF
73
Where are capillaries not found in the body
Cornea
74
What two things in the capillaries assist the exchange of substances
1. Intercellular channels | 2. Fenstrae
75
Veins posses the greatest...
total blood volume
76
What in the veins allows blood to flow back to the heart
Skeletal muscle pump
77
What makes sure that blood travels one way in veins
Venous valves
78
What is Coronary artery disease What is the primary cause of this disease
Insufficient blood flow to heart due to change in coronary arteries Atherosclerosis
79
What is atherosclerosis What are the two main substances What does it cause to happen
Build up of plaque in aterial wall Cholesterol and fat deposits Reduces blood flow Excessive inflammation
80
What are some of the risk factors for atherosclerosis
``` Hypertension Stress Smoking Obesity Diabetes High LDL High cholesterol ```
81
What 3 things does the lymphatic system do
1. Transport excess ISF that was a blood filtrate back to the blood 2. Transports absorbed fat from the small intestine into the blood 3. Defends against disease causing agents via its lymphocytes
82
List the pathway of ISF through the lymphatic system (5)
1. ISF results from filtration of fluid out of capillaries 2. Excess ISF transported to lymphatic ducts 3. Drains into veins 4. Lymph carried through lymphatic capillaries 5. Lymph filtered by lymph nodes before its returned to the blood
83
What do lymph nodes do
filter lymph by removing pathogens

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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