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Bio 66 > Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Circulatory system

A

Transports molecules and other substances in the plasma

Between cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Vessels
Blood

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4
Q

What is a heart

A

Pump of variable rate and strength

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5
Q

What is the vessels

A

Pipes of variable diameter

Interconnected system

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6
Q

What is the blood

A

Fluid of variable volume and viscosity
Contains water, solutes and cells
Average 5.5L

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7
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that is composed of RBCs

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8
Q

What substance in RBC carries oxygen and Co2

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What is plasma

What does it include in it

A

Fluid portion of blood

Includes water, ions, proteins, nutrients, hormones and waste

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10
Q

What are WBC used for

A

Immunity

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11
Q

What are Platelets for

A

clotting

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12
Q

What is the heart made up of

A

Cardiac muscle

Endothelial cells

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13
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Muscular wall of heart

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14
Q

What seperates the right and left side of the heart

A

Muscular septum

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15
Q

What is the atrium

What blood does it recieve

A

Upper chamber of heart

Venous blood

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16
Q

Where does the right atrium recieve blood from

A

systemic circulation

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17
Q

Where does the left atrium recieve blood from

A

pulmonary circulation

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18
Q

What is the ventricle

What does it do

A

Lower chamber of heart

Pumps blood into arteries

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19
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

To the lungs

Deoxygenated

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20
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

To the body

Oxygenated

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21
Q

What seperates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

What seperates the atriums and ventricles

A

Fibrous skeleton

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23
Q

What is the aorta and where is it

A

Artery

Exits left ventricle

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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation refers to

A

the lungs

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25
Q

Systemic circulation refers to

A

the other organs

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26
Q

List the steps of pulmonary circulation (5)

A
  1. Right ventricle - Pulmonary artery
  2. To lungs
  3. Picks up oxygen
  4. Releases CO2
  5. Back to left atrium - Pulmonary vein
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27
Q

List the steps of systemic circulation

A
  1. Left ventricle - aorta
  2. Organ systems
  3. Releases oxygen
  4. Picks up CO2
  5. Back to right atrium - vena cava
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28
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

Between right atrium and ventricle

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29
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located

A

Between left atrium and ventricle

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30
Q

What causes valves to open and close

A

Pressure differences

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31
Q

What are papillary muscles

A

limit valve movement to prevent backflow of blood into atria

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32
Q

What are the two semilunar valves called and where are they located

A

Pulmonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta

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33
Q

What do we use to hear heart sounds

A

Stethoscope

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34
Q

What is the first sound known as
How loud is it
What causes the sound

A

“Lub”

Soft, low pitched

AV valve closing - onset of systole

35
Q

What is the second sound known as
How loud is it
What causes it

A

“dub”

Louder

SL valve closing - onset of diastole

36
Q

Systole is the period where…

A

ventricular contraction and blood ejection

37
Q

Diastole is the period where

A

ventricular relaxation and blood filling

38
Q

Pressure is the force…

Measured in…

A

exerted by blood

mmHg

39
Q

Blood flow is from…

A

Region of high pressure to region of low pressure

40
Q

How many seconds for systole

A

0.3 secs

41
Q

How many seconds for diastole

A

0.5 secs

42
Q

What is an Isovolumetric contraction

A

When pressure in ventricles increases as ventricles contract - causes AV valves to close and “lub” sound

43
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected known as

A

stroke volume

44
Q

stroke volume accounts for around…

A

2/3 of the blood from ventricles

45
Q

What is an Isovolumetric relaxation

A

When pressure in ventricles decreases causing semilunar valves to close and “dub” sound

46
Q

What is the usual pressure required for systole and diastol

A

120 mmHg = systole

80 mmHg = diastole

47
Q

What is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole known as

A

EDV = end diastolic volume

48
Q

What initiates AP in cardiac cells

A

SA node

49
Q

The SA node is… (4)

A
  1. Hearts pacemaker
  2. Small group of cardiac muscle cells on right atrium
  3. Depolarise spontaneously and quickly
  4. Excitation causes contraction
50
Q

How does the AP spread through the atria

A

Gap junctions

Electrical synapses

51
Q

What does the AV node do

A

Carries AP from right atrium to ventricles via bundle of His

52
Q

What is unique about AV node

A

has slow conduction to allow ventricles to fill up with blood

53
Q

What are pacemaker potentials

A

spontaneous depolarisation during diastole

54
Q

What occurs in a funny current

A

Na ions leak through HCN channels causing depolarisation

HCN channels are open during hyperpolarisation

55
Q

What causes further depolarisation to occur in the heart

A

Ca ions entering through voltage gated channels

Ca ion entering through calcium channels in SR

Contraction then occurs

56
Q

What repolarises the heart

A

K channels opening

57
Q

What is the order of channels opening and which ones are fast and slow

A

Na channels (fast) = rapid depolarisation

Ca channels (slow) = prolong plateau

K channels CLOSE = prolong plateau

K channels OPEN = repolarisation

58
Q

What do calcium ions do in cardiac muscle

How

A

Regulate the contraction

Extracellular Ca causes release of Ca from SR

59
Q

What prevent tetanus from occuring in the heart and allows ventricles time to fill up

A

Prolonged refractory period

60
Q

What is used to detect electrical activity in the heart

A

ECG

61
Q

What are the 3 ECG waves

A

P
QRS
T

62
Q

What is the cause of P wave

A

Spread of atrial depolarisation

63
Q

What is the cause of QRS wave

A

Spread of depolarisation into the ventricles

64
Q

What is the cause of T wave

A

Repolarisation of ventricles

65
Q

What way does depolarisation and repolarisation occur in the ventricles

A

Depolarisation = inside out

Repolarisation = outside in

66
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A
  1. Strong and Thick elastic walls that resist flow
  2. Higher pressure
  3. Low volume
67
Q

Characteristics of veins

A
  1. Weaker walls
  2. Wider lumen
  3. Fill more easily
  4. Act as volume reservoirs
  5. Low pressure
  6. High volume
68
Q

What do capillaries lack

A

Smooth muscle

69
Q

What two things controls the volume of blood that each capillary receives

A

Circular smooth muscle in Metarterioles

Precapillary sphincters

70
Q

The greatest pressure drop occurs in what blood vessel

A

Arterioles

71
Q

Arterioles control…

By either…

A

Blood flow into capillaries

vasocontricting or vasodilating

72
Q

What do capillaries allow to happen

A

mediate exchange of substances with ISF

73
Q

Where are capillaries not found in the body

A

Cornea

74
Q

What two things in the capillaries assist the exchange of substances

A
  1. Intercellular channels

2. Fenstrae

75
Q

Veins posses the greatest…

A

total blood volume

76
Q

What in the veins allows blood to flow back to the heart

A

Skeletal muscle pump

77
Q

What makes sure that blood travels one way in veins

A

Venous valves

78
Q

What is Coronary artery disease

What is the primary cause of this disease

A

Insufficient blood flow to heart due to change in coronary arteries

Atherosclerosis

79
Q

What is atherosclerosis

What are the two main substances

What does it cause to happen

A

Build up of plaque in aterial wall

Cholesterol and fat deposits

Reduces blood flow
Excessive inflammation

80
Q

What are some of the risk factors for atherosclerosis

A 
Hypertension
Stress
Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes
High LDL
High cholesterol
81
Q

What 3 things does the lymphatic system do

A
  1. Transport excess ISF that was a blood filtrate back to the blood
  2. Transports absorbed fat from the small intestine into the blood
  3. Defends against disease causing agents via its lymphocytes
82
Q

List the pathway of ISF through the lymphatic system (5)

A
  1. ISF results from filtration of fluid out of capillaries
  2. Excess ISF transported to lymphatic ducts
  3. Drains into veins
  4. Lymph carried through lymphatic capillaries
  5. Lymph filtered by lymph nodes before its returned to the blood
83
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

filter lymph by removing pathogens

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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