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Bio 66 > Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation

A

Mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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2
Q

What is Gas exchange (2)

A

Exchange of gases between the air and blood in the lungs (EXTERNAL)

AND

between blood and other tissues of the body (INTERNAL RESPIRATION). Occurs via diffusion.

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3
Q

What is oxygen utilitsation

A

Use of oxygen in cell respiration (INTERNAL)

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4
Q

What is alveoli

A

clusters of epithelium-lined air sacs

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5
Q

Alveoli provide for efficient gas exchange

A

Thin membrane

Large surface

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6
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells form…

A

most of the epithelium

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7
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells secrete…

Because…

A

Secrete a detergent-like agent called surfactant

This decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

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8
Q

What else is present in alveoli (2)

A

Macrophages

Abundance of pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

What are the stages of the zone pathway (7)

A 
Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Brochioles
Lung
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10
Q

Upper airways consist of (3)

A

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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11
Q

Conducting zone…

A

All structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone

e.g. mouth to terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

Respiratory zone…

A

region where gas exchange occurs, comprising the respiratory bronchioles and terminal alveolar sacs

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13
Q

What two parts of the respiratory system contain rings of cartilage

A

Trachea and Bronchi

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14
Q

What part is surrounded by smooth muscle

What two processes can occur and what do they determine

A

Bronchioles

Bronchodilation
Bronchoconstriction

Determine the amount of airflow into the aveoli

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15
Q

What do nasal hairs and mucus do

A

Trap particles

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16
Q

What does the mucus escalator do

how?

A

Keeps lungs clear

Ciliated cells in airways carry mucus and particulate matter into the pharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Thick + dehydrated mucus which obstructs airways

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18
Q

Bronchoconstriction occurs in response to

What does it prevent

A

Irritation

prevents particulate matter from entering alveoli

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19
Q

What do macrophages do in the airways

A

Destroy inhaled particles and bacteria

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20
Q

What 4 protective mechanisms are involved in the respiratory system

A
  1. Nasal hairs and mucus
  2. Mucus escalator
  3. Bronchoconstriction
  4. Macrophages
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21
Q

Where is the intrapleural space located

What does it contain

A

In between the parietal and visceral pleura

Contains layer of fluid that acts as lubricant

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22
Q

What is the pressure in the intrapleural space

A

Subatmospheric (negative)

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23
Q

Air moves from…

Determined by…

A

High pressure to low pressure

Determined by alveolar and atmospheric pressure

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24
Q

Pressure differences result from

A

Lung volume changes from contraction and relaxation of the muscles

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25
What is the atmospheric pressure value
760 mmHG at sea level
26
What is the Intra-alveolar pressure between breaths
0 mm HG Is equivalent to atmospheric pressure
27
Inspiration causes... (3)
1. Decrease in intra-alveolar pressure 2. Pressure is now longer than outside 3. Air moves in
28
(P alv) Intra-alveolar (Intrapulmonary) Pressure =
Pressure inside lungs
29
(P ip) Intrapleural Pressure =
Pressure of fluid surrounding lungs, in the intrapleural space between the visceral & parietal pleura
30
Why is Intrapleural pressure negative
Because of opposing elastic recoil of lungs & expansion of thoracic wall
31
(P tp) Transpulmonary Pressure =
Difference between pressure inside and outside the lung P alv - P ip = 3mmHG during inspiration
32
Intra-alveolar pressure values during inspiration and expiration
``` Inspiration = -3 Expiration = +3 ```
33
Intrapleural pressure values during inspiration and expiration
``` Inspiration = -6 Expiration = -3 ```
34
Transpulmonary pressure values during inspiration and expiration
``` Inspiration = +3 Expiration = +6 ```
35
Air flow formula Where...
Air Flow = ΔP/R = (Palv – Palv)/R Where: If P alv< P atm, inspiration occurs If P alv > P atm, expiration occurs
36
Boyle law formula Where... (4)
P1V1 = P2V2 1. Pressure is inversely proportional to volume 2. Volume of lungs determines pressure in lungs 3. Increased volume results in inspiration 4. Decrease in volume results in expiration
37
Law of Laplace formula
P = 2T/r ``` P = pressure T = surface tension R = radius ```
38
Partial Pressure formula
[%] x 760mmHg Pressure of a single gas
39
What is Compliance (2)
1. Change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure 2. Stretchability of lung tissue (connective tissue) under pressure
40
What is Elasticity (2)
1. Ability of lungs to return to initial size after inspiration 2. There is elastic recoil during expiration.
41
What is Surface tension
Attractive forces between water molecules at an air-water interface e.g. the inner surface of alveoli; water molecules are therefore pulled tightly together.
42
What does surface tension do to air pressure
Increases the air pressure in alveoli and can collapse them
43
What is surfactant secreted by... What does it do
Secreted by type II alveolar cells Reduces surface tension by weakening attractive forces between water molecules This makes it easier to expand the alveoli, stops smaller alveoli from collasping
44
What synthesises surfactant
Deep breathing
45
In smaller alveoli the Law of Laplace predicts what As a result, without surfactant there would be
Greater pressure Increase in surface tension and alveoli collaspe
46
What causes the thoracic cage to expand during inspiration What causes ribs to raise This results in (3)
Contraction of diaphragm Contraction of parasternal and external intercostal muscles Increase thoracic volume Decrease in P alv Air flow into lungs
47
What happens during expiration This results in (3)
Muscles relax - causes recoil of lungs Reduced lung volume Increase P alv Air flows out
48
What happens during forced ventiliation for inspiration and expiration
Inspiration = contraction of addition muscle - decreases P ip to -20mmHG Expiration = contraction of abdominals and internal intercostal muscles - increases P ip to +30mmHG
49
What is tidal volume
Amount of air moved in (or out) of the airways in a single breathing cycle
50
What is Inspiratory and Expiratory reserve volume...
The additional volume that can inspired or expired
51
Vital capacity
Tidal + IRV + ERV
52
What is residual volume
Amount of air that must remain in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse
53
What is the Respiratory quotient (RQ)
Ratio of CO2 produced to O2consumed
54
What is unique about Respiratory quotient (RQ)
Varies between nutrients due to metabolic pathways RQ equals: 1 for carbohydrate 0.7 for fat 0.8 for protein
55
The pulmonary capillaries have low... (2)
Resistance | Pressure
56
What is Dalton’s Law
Total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of individual pressures
57
What is Henry’s Law
Concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
58
What stimulates the muscles to contract in the respiratory system What causes them to relax
Medullary respiratory center Pulmonary stretch receptors send signals to brain to inhibit medullary inspiratory neurones = Stops APs
59
What detects blood pH and gas content (2) Responds to changes in...
1. Peripheral chemoreceptors in heart 2. Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata PO2 and PCO2, [H+] (acid) to keep them fairly constant
60
Where are Chemosensory neurons located in the heart What do they do
Aorta Carotid sinuses (near the arterial baroreceptors) Regulate rate of ventilation
61
What do we have to control in the blood in order to control the bloods pH
CO2 levels
62
What serves as a buffer for H+
Bicarbonate
63
What is Hypoventilation What happens.. (3)
inadequate ventilation 1. P CO2 increases 2. pH falls 3. Increases ventilation rate
64
What is hyperventilation What happens
increased ventilation 1. P CO2 decreases 2. pH increases 3. Decrease ventiliation rate
65
What increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increased P CO2
Low blood P O2
66
Oxyhemoglobin is
hemoglobin with oxygen
67
Deoxyhemoglobin is
hemoglobin from which oxygen has dissociated to release O2 to the tissues
68
Loading occurs in
pulmonary capillaries
69
unloading occurs in
systemic capillaries
70
What does the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve show
As the concentration of oxygen increases, the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with bound oxygen increases until all of the oxygen-binding sites are occupied (100% saturation)
71
How does pH effect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve What happens to the curve What is this effect called
Decreased pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at each PO2 value. This causes the curve shift rightward This effect is called the Bohr effect
72
How does increased temperature effect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve What happens to the curve
Increased temperature weakens the bonds between hemoglobin and oxygen Oxygen delivery to muscle is thereby enhanced during exercise This shifts the curve rightward
73
Rightward shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is due to
Decrease affinity of O2
74
Leftward shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is due to
Increased affinity of O2
75
How much oxygen does the blood carry What % is dissolved plasma What % is in RBCs
1/5 1. 5% 98. 5%
76
What three ways is CO2 transported in the body
Dissolved in plasma Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate
77
What % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma and RBC cytosol What % is as Carbaminohemoglobin What % is transported via Bicarbonate
10% 20% 70%
78
What is the Chloride shift (4)
1. H+ from CO2 in plasma 2. Bicarbonate is buffer for H+ 3. Bicarbonate moves out of RBCs 4. The net postive charge left in RBCs attracts Cl- to move in
79
What happens to chloride shift at the lungs (4)
Reverses 1. Bicarbonate moves into RBC to make carbonic acid 2. Conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 + H2O 3. Cl- moves out of RBC
80
pH of blood plasma is regulated by The pH of blood plasma is maintained at what value
CO2 regulation Bicarbonate regulation 7.35 - 7.45
81
Excess H+ is eliminated in...
Urine
82
What is Acidosis Difference between Respiratory acidosis and Metabolic acidosis
pH below 7.35 Respiratory acidosis = based on plasma CO2 Metabolic acidosis = based on plasma bicarbonate
83
What is Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
84
What happens to ventilation at high altitude and why (6)
Increases Because: 1. Decrease in atmospheric pressure 2. Decreases P O2 3. Decreases oxyhemoglobin saturation 4. Increase ventilation 5. To decrease P CO2

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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