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Bio 66 > Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ventilation

A

Mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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2
Q

What is Gas exchange (2)

A

Exchange of gases between the air and blood in the lungs (EXTERNAL)

AND

between blood and other tissues of the body (INTERNAL RESPIRATION). Occurs via diffusion.

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3
Q

What is oxygen utilitsation

A

Use of oxygen in cell respiration (INTERNAL)

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4
Q

What is alveoli

A

clusters of epithelium-lined air sacs

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5
Q

Alveoli provide for efficient gas exchange

A

Thin membrane

Large surface

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6
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells form…

A

most of the epithelium

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7
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells secrete…

Because…

A

Secrete a detergent-like agent called surfactant

This decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

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8
Q

What else is present in alveoli (2)

A

Macrophages

Abundance of pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

What are the stages of the zone pathway (7)

A 
Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Brochioles
Lung
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10
Q

Upper airways consist of (3)

A

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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11
Q

Conducting zone…

A

All structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone

e.g. mouth to terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

Respiratory zone…

A

region where gas exchange occurs, comprising the respiratory bronchioles and terminal alveolar sacs

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13
Q

What two parts of the respiratory system contain rings of cartilage

A

Trachea and Bronchi

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14
Q

What part is surrounded by smooth muscle

What two processes can occur and what do they determine

A

Bronchioles

Bronchodilation
Bronchoconstriction

Determine the amount of airflow into the aveoli

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15
Q

What do nasal hairs and mucus do

A

Trap particles

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16
Q

What does the mucus escalator do

how?

A

Keeps lungs clear

Ciliated cells in airways carry mucus and particulate matter into the pharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Thick + dehydrated mucus which obstructs airways

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18
Q

Bronchoconstriction occurs in response to

What does it prevent

A

Irritation

prevents particulate matter from entering alveoli

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19
Q

What do macrophages do in the airways

A

Destroy inhaled particles and bacteria

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20
Q

What 4 protective mechanisms are involved in the respiratory system

A
  1. Nasal hairs and mucus
  2. Mucus escalator
  3. Bronchoconstriction
  4. Macrophages
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21
Q

Where is the intrapleural space located

What does it contain

A

In between the parietal and visceral pleura

Contains layer of fluid that acts as lubricant

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22
Q

What is the pressure in the intrapleural space

A

Subatmospheric (negative)

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23
Q

Air moves from…

Determined by…

A

High pressure to low pressure

Determined by alveolar and atmospheric pressure

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24
Q

Pressure differences result from

A

Lung volume changes from contraction and relaxation of the muscles

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25
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure value

A

760 mmHG at sea level

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26
Q

What is the Intra-alveolar pressure between breaths

A

0 mm HG

Is equivalent to atmospheric pressure

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27
Q

Inspiration causes… (3)

A
  1. Decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
  2. Pressure is now longer than outside
  3. Air moves in
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28
Q

(P alv) Intra-alveolar (Intrapulmonary) Pressure =

A

Pressure inside lungs

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29
Q

(P ip) Intrapleural Pressure =

A

Pressure of fluid surrounding lungs, in the intrapleural space between the visceral & parietal pleura

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30
Q

Why is Intrapleural pressure negative

A

Because of opposing elastic recoil of lungs & expansion of thoracic wall

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31
Q

(P tp) Transpulmonary Pressure =

A

Difference between pressure inside and outside the lung

P alv - P ip = 3mmHG during inspiration

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32
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure values during inspiration and expiration

A 
Inspiration = -3
Expiration = +3
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33
Q

Intrapleural pressure values during inspiration and expiration

A 
Inspiration = -6
Expiration = -3
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34
Q

Transpulmonary pressure values during inspiration and expiration

A 
Inspiration = +3
Expiration = +6
35
Q

Air flow formula

Where…

A

Air Flow = ΔP/R = (Palv – Palv)/R

Where:
If P alv< P atm, inspiration occurs
If P alv > P atm, expiration occurs

36
Q

Boyle law formula

Where… (4)

A

P1V1 = P2V2

  1. Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
  2. Volume of lungs determines pressure in lungs
  3. Increased volume results in inspiration
  4. Decrease in volume results in expiration
37
Q

Law of Laplace formula

A

P = 2T/r

P = pressure
T = surface tension
R = radius
38
Q

Partial Pressure formula

A

[%] x 760mmHg

Pressure of a single gas

39
Q

What is Compliance (2)

A
  1. Change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure
  2. Stretchability of lung tissue (connective tissue) under pressure
40
Q

What is Elasticity (2)

A
  1. Ability of lungs to return to initial size after inspiration
  2. There is elastic recoil during expiration.
41
Q

What is Surface tension

A

Attractive forces between water molecules at an air-water interface

e.g. the inner surface of alveoli; water molecules are therefore pulled tightly together.

42
Q

What does surface tension do to air pressure

A

Increases the air pressure in alveoli and can collapse them

43
Q

What is surfactant secreted by…

What does it do

A

Secreted by type II alveolar cells

Reduces surface tension by weakening attractive forces between water molecules
This makes it easier to expand the alveoli, stops smaller alveoli from collasping

44
Q

What synthesises surfactant

A

Deep breathing

45
Q

In smaller alveoli the Law of Laplace predicts what

As a result, without surfactant there would be

A

Greater pressure

Increase in surface tension and alveoli collaspe

46
Q

What causes the thoracic cage to expand during inspiration

What causes ribs to raise

This results in (3)

A

Contraction of diaphragm

Contraction of parasternal and external intercostal muscles

Increase thoracic volume
Decrease in P alv
Air flow into lungs

47
Q

What happens during expiration

This results in (3)

A

Muscles relax - causes recoil of lungs

Reduced lung volume
Increase P alv
Air flows out

48
Q

What happens during forced ventiliation for inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration = contraction of addition muscle - decreases P ip to -20mmHG

Expiration = contraction of abdominals and internal intercostal muscles - increases P ip to +30mmHG

49
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved in (or out) of the airways in a single breathing cycle

50
Q

What is Inspiratory and Expiratory reserve volume…

A

The additional volume that can inspired or expired

51
Q

Vital capacity

A

Tidal + IRV + ERV

52
Q

What is residual volume

A

Amount of air that must remain in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse

53
Q

What is the Respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

Ratio of CO2 produced to O2consumed

54
Q

What is unique about Respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

Varies between nutrients due to metabolic pathways

RQ equals:
1 for carbohydrate
0.7 for fat
0.8 for protein

55
Q

The pulmonary capillaries have low… (2)

A

Resistance

Pressure

56
Q

What is Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of individual pressures

57
Q

What is Henry’s Law

A

Concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

58
Q

What stimulates the muscles to contract in the respiratory system

What causes them to relax

A

Medullary respiratory center

Pulmonary stretch receptors send signals to brain to inhibit medullary inspiratory neurones = Stops APs

59
Q

What detects blood pH and gas content (2)

Responds to changes in…

A
  1. Peripheral chemoreceptors in heart
  2. Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata

PO2 and PCO2, [H+] (acid) to keep them fairly constant

60
Q

Where are Chemosensory neurons located in the heart

What do they do

A

Aorta
Carotid sinuses

(near the arterial baroreceptors)

Regulate rate of ventilation

61
Q

What do we have to control in the blood in order to control the bloods pH

A

CO2 levels

62
Q

What serves as a buffer for H+

A

Bicarbonate

63
Q

What is Hypoventilation

What happens.. (3)

A

inadequate ventilation

  1. P CO2 increases
  2. pH falls
  3. Increases ventilation rate
64
Q

What is hyperventilation

What happens

A

increased ventilation

  1. P CO2 decreases
  2. pH increases
  3. Decrease ventiliation rate
65
Q

What increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increased P CO2

A

Low blood P O2

66
Q

Oxyhemoglobin is

A

hemoglobin with oxygen

67
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin is

A

hemoglobin from which oxygen has dissociated to release O2 to the tissues

68
Q

Loading occurs in

A

pulmonary capillaries

69
Q

unloading occurs in

A

systemic capillaries

70
Q

What does the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve show

A

As the concentration of oxygen increases, the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with bound oxygen increases until all of the oxygen-binding sites are occupied (100% saturation)

71
Q

How does pH effect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

What happens to the curve

What is this effect called

A

Decreased pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at each PO2 value.

This causes the curve shift rightward

This effect is called the Bohr effect

72
Q

How does increased temperature effect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

What happens to the curve

A

Increased temperature weakens the bonds between hemoglobin and oxygen
Oxygen delivery to muscle is thereby enhanced during exercise

This shifts the curve rightward

73
Q

Rightward shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is due to

A

Decrease affinity of O2

74
Q

Leftward shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is due to

A

Increased affinity of O2

75
Q

How much oxygen does the blood carry

What % is dissolved plasma

What % is in RBCs

A

1/5

  1. 5%
  2. 5%
76
Q

What three ways is CO2 transported in the body

A

Dissolved in plasma
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate

77
Q

What % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma and RBC cytosol

What % is as Carbaminohemoglobin

What % is transported via Bicarbonate

A

10%

20%

70%

78
Q

What is the Chloride shift (4)

A
  1. H+ from CO2 in plasma
  2. Bicarbonate is buffer for H+
  3. Bicarbonate moves out of RBCs
  4. The net postive charge left in RBCs attracts Cl- to move in
79
Q

What happens to chloride shift at the lungs (4)

A

Reverses

  1. Bicarbonate moves into RBC to make carbonic acid
  2. Conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 + H2O
  3. Cl- moves out of RBC
80
Q

pH of blood plasma is regulated by

The pH of blood plasma is maintained at what value

A

CO2 regulation
Bicarbonate regulation

7.35 - 7.45

81
Q

Excess H+ is eliminated in…

A

Urine

82
Q

What is Acidosis

Difference between Respiratory acidosis and Metabolic acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

Respiratory acidosis = based on plasma CO2
Metabolic acidosis = based on plasma bicarbonate

83
Q

What is Alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

84
Q

What happens to ventilation at high altitude and why (6)

A

Increases

Because:

  1. Decrease in atmospheric pressure
  2. Decreases P O2
  3. Decreases oxyhemoglobin saturation
  4. Increase ventilation
  5. To decrease P CO2

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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