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Bio 66 > Chapter 11 Endocrine glands > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Endocrine glands Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many types of Hormones are there

A

4

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

System of endocrine glands that secrete hormones and hormone secreting cells in various organs

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3
Q

What is a gland

A

Group of epithelial cells or an organ that synthesizes and secretes chemical substances

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4
Q

What is special about endocrine glands

A

Ductless
Secrete hormones into bloodstream
Travel to target cells

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5
Q

What is special about exocrine glands

A

Ducted

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6
Q

What is a hormone

A

A biologically active molecule that serves as a chemical messenger in the blood

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7
Q

What are the major endocrine glands in the body

A 
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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8
Q

Where are the Islets of Langerhands located and what do they secrete

A

Pancreas

Secrete insulin and glucagon

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of hormones

A

Amines
Polypeptides/protein hormones
Glycoproteins
Steroids

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10
Q

What are Amines are derived from

A

Tyrosine and Tryptophan

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11
Q

What hormones are Amines

A

Thyroid hormones

Catecholamines (E, NE, Dopamine)

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12
Q

What secretes E and NE

A

Adrenal medulla

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13
Q

What secretes Dopamine

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

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15
Q

What do most hormones come under

A

Polypeptides and Protein hormones

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16
Q

What is a Prohormone

A

Inactive percursor molecule

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17
Q

What is the process of cleavage during packaging and after secretion

A

Modification

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18
Q

What type of hormone is a protein that is bound to carbohydrate

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

What are lipid based hormones

A

Steroids

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20
Q

What secretes corticosteroids

A

Adrenal cortex

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21
Q

What secretes sex steroids

A

Adrenal cortex

Gonads

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22
Q

What 4 steroid hormones derive from cholesterol

A

Progesterone
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estradiol

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23
Q

What is special about the synthesis and secretion of steroids

A

It is simultaneous

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24
Q

What 3 inputs to endocrine cells can stimulate or inhibit a hormones secretion

A

Mineral ions
Neurotransmitter
Hormones

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25
Q

What hormones dissolve in the plasma (are water soluble/polar)

A

Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Catecholamines

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26
Q

What hormones are lipid-soluble (non polar)

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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27
Q

Where do polar hormones bind

A

To receptors on the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Where do non polar hormones bind

A

To receptors in cytosol of target cells after dissociating from carrier proteins

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29
Q

What is synergism

A

When 2+ hormones work together to produce a result

E.g.
Additive effects of E and NE in the heart to increase cardiac rate

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30
Q

What is Permissiveness

A

When hormone (A) must be present in order for hormone (B) to be fully effective

31
Q

What is Up-regulation (priming)

A

Increase in number of receptors for a hormone because of long exposure to low concentration of hormone

32
Q

What does Up-regulation cause

A

Increase in reponsiveness of the target cell to that hormone

33
Q

What is the opposite of Up-regulation

A

Down-regulation (desensitisation)

34
Q

What does this opposite effect cause

A

Decrease responsiveness of the target cell to that hormone to prevent overstimulation

35
Q

What two things does the concentration of hormones in blood depend on

A

Rate of secretion

Rate of removal

36
Q

What ways do we remove stuff

A

Excretion (kidneys)

Inactivation by metabolism (liver)

37
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do

A

Releases and stores hormones produced in the Hypothalamus

38
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do

A

Produces and secretes hormones

Is regulated by hypothalamic hormones

39
Q

What allows the transport of hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary capillaries

A

Axons in the Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

40
Q

List the pathway of a hormone in the hypothalamus to the Posterior Pituitary then to the organs

A
  1. Peptide hormones packaged
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Enters capillaries
  4. Release from storage in posterior pituitary by AP
  5. Heart pumps blood with hormone to organs
41
Q

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones

What are their function

A

Oxytocin = acts on smooth muscle in breast and uterus

Vasopressin (ADH) = acts on vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure (constriction) and on kidnet collecting ducts to retain fluids

42
Q

List the pathway of a hormone in the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hormone transported via blood vessels in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary

Hormone binds to receptors on the anterior pituitary

Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones into blood circulation

43
Q

What do tropic hormones do and where are they produced

A

Produced in hypothalamus

Regulate secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones

44
Q

Explain the 3 - hormone sequence of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Hypophysiotropic hormone secreted from Hypothalamic neuron into the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

This controls secretion of….

  1. an Anterior pituitary hormone

Which controls secretion of…

  1. A hormone in another gland

Which effects….

  1. Target cell
45
Q

Steps of hypothalamus - pituitary - thyroid axis

A

TRH (Thyrotopin releasing hormone) stimulates…

which stimulates the secretion of TSH (anterior pituitary)

which stimulates the secretion of thyroxine (thyroid)

46
Q

What does the increase in thyroxine cause

A
  1. Negative feedback loop

2. Inhibits responsiveness of TRH and secretion

47
Q

Steps of hypothalamus - pituitary - gonad axis

A

GnRH stimulates secretion of FSH and LH

Which stimulates the secretion of sex steroid hormones

48
Q

What does the increase in sex steroid hormones cause

A
  1. Negative feed back loop
  2. Inhibits responsiveness to GnRH
  3. Inhibits secretion of GnRH
49
Q

What is stress

A

Real or percieved threat to homeostasis

50
Q

What is Cortisol and where is it produced

A

Glucocorticoid

Secreted by the adrenal cortex

51
Q

What does cortisol do on the body

A

Increases blood sugar level

Decreased immune response

52
Q

What is Epinephrine and where is it produced

A

Catecholamine

Secreted by the adrenal medulla

53
Q

What does epinephrine do on the body

A

Fight or flight
Increases heart rate
Increases respiratory rate
Shifts blood to skeletal muscles

54
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

Catecholamines

E and NE

55
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Corticosteroids

Adrenal androgens

56
Q

What are the 4 main functions of cortisol

A
  1. Maintenance of normal blood pressure
  2. Maintenance of cellular concentration of enzymes
  3. Anti - inflammatory and anti immune functions to control overactive immune system
  4. Differentiation of tissues and glands in fetal and neonatal stages
57
Q

Steps of the pituitary-adrenal axis

A
  1. Stress increases secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus
  2. Secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary
  3. Secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex
  4. Negative feedback
58
Q

What is adrenal insufficiency known as

What causes it

What are the effects of it

A

Addisons disease

Low plasma cortisol level

Weakness, decreased BP, dehydration
Anterior pituitary tumor

59
Q

What is Cushings syndrome

What causes it

What are the effects of it

A

High plasma cortisol level

ACTH secreting tumor, adrenal tumor, long term steroid use

Diabetes like symptoms, high BP, immunosuppression

60
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Controls metabolic rate

On the esophagus below larynx - has two lobes

61
Q

What are thyroid follicles lined with

A

Follicular cells that synthesise thyroxine

62
Q

What 2 hormones are produced in the thyroid gland that contain iodide

A

Triiodothryonine (t3)

Thyroxine (T4)

63
Q

Explain the steps of synthesising thyroid hormone (7)

A
  1. Iodide (I-) from ISF enters colloid - oxidised and attaches to thyroglobulin protein
  2. Enzymes change the structure of MIT and DIT and couple them
  3. T3 is produced from one MIT attaching to one DIT
  4. T4 is produced from two DIT coupled
  5. Pinocytosis of T3 and T4 into follicular cells
  6. T3 and T4 released from Thyroglobulin
  7. T3 and T4 secreted by diffusion into ISF
64
Q

What is TSH, where is it produced and what does it do

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
From anterior pituitary
Stimulates follicle activity and growth of thyroid

65
Q

What stimulates TSH to be secreted and where is it produced

A

TRH - Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Produced by hypothalamus

66
Q

What is the 3 basic hormone sequence with thyroid

A

TRH (hypothalamus)
TSH (Anterior Pituitary)
T3/T4 (Thyroid gland)

67
Q

What do thyroid hormones do on the body

A
  1. Stimulate carbohydrate absorption from small intestines
  2. Increase fatty acid release
  3. Calorigenic action = temp for homeostasis
  4. Effects on catecholamines
68
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Lower than normal plasma concentration of thyroid hormones

69
Q

Where would be the primary defect
Secondary defect
Tertiary defect

A 
Primary = thyroid gland
Secondary = Anterior Pituitary
Tertiary = Hypothalamus
70
Q

What mineral do people lack worldwide

What cause does it have on the system

A

Iodine deficiency

Decrease T3/T4
Reduced negative feedback on pituitary
Increase TRH and TSH

71
Q

What is the appearance of someone with hypothyroidism

A

Enlarged thyroid / goiter

Due to overstimulation of gland/ production of T3/T4

72
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism

A

Higher than normal plasma concentration of thyroid hormones

73
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease - activation of TSH receptors by antibodies

Hormone secreting tumors

74
Q

What are the effects of hyperthyroidism

What does it cause on the body

A

TSH level low due to negative feedback

Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones

Causes:
heat intolerance
weight loss
Goiter = T3/T4 reduce TSH secretion

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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