Lab 4 Flashcards
What is the key process by which oxygen and nutrients move into cells and waste products leave?
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from what to what?
High concentration to low concentration
There is a cube that measures 3cm x 3cm x 3cm.
What is the surface area of one side?
9cm2
There is a cube that measures 2cm x 2cm x 2cm.
What is the volume?
8cm3
There is a cube that measures 5cm x 5cm x 5cm.
What is the surface area?
150cm2
What is the formula to find the surface area of a cube?
L x W x # of sides
Should the surface area be squared or cubed?
squared
Should volume be squared or cubed?
Cubed
Regarding absorption:
What is the danger of a cell that is too small?
The molecules will pass in and out of the cell too quickly to absorb needed nutrients.
Regarding absorption:
What are the concerns with a cell that is too large?
Nutrients may take too long to reach the center of the cell.
Regarding absorption:
What are we looking for in a cell for best absorption?
A cell that is just the right size where nutrients and waste can enter and exit the cell in balance.
Regarding absorption:
What is the problem with a cell that has a high volume to surface area ratio?
It may not be able to absorb needed molecules fast enough.
Regarding absorption:
If a cell has a high volume to surface area, how could it increase its surface area to negate the negative effects?
Form microvilli to increase the surface area on the apical side.
In the agar cube experiment, what were some of the sources of possible error?
- The size of the blocks may not perfectly measured and cut
- Timing: When they are submerged and taken out must be at the same time for accurate comparison.
Name the main orgenelles of the cell with a brief explaination of its function.
- Nucleus: Duplicate DNA (Transcription)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth): Detoxifies alcohol
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough): Creates proteins (houses the ribosomes that do it)
- Ribosomes: Create proteins (Translation)
- Golgi Complex: Tags, Bags and ships out proteins for intracellular or extracellular use
- Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP)
What three ways can a cell be altered to increase its diffusion ability?
- Increase surface area
- Stretch it
- Form Microvilli
What organelle prevents a squamous cell from being completely flat?
Nucleus
For a cell to be specialized for energy production, what organelle would it need an abundance of?
Mitochondria
For a cell to be specialized in protein production, what organelle would it need to have an abundance of?
Rough ER/Ribosomes
For a cell to be specialized for detoxification, what organelle would it need an abundance of?
Smooth ER
What functions are columnal and cuboidal cells good for?
Absorption and secretion
To increase its absorption capability, a columnar cell would form what?
Microvilli (brush border)
MIcrovilli are on what side of the cell?
A) apical side
B) basal side
Apical
What is the process of cell division called?
Mitosis
What are the stages of Mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telaphase
What occurs in Prophase?
Why is it important?
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Nuclear envelope breaks down (disintegrates)
- Centrioles migrate to opposite sides and grow spindles
Importance?
- The duplicated chromosomes must be free to separate to opposite sides of the cell.
- Centrioles will pull all duplicated material to their opposite poles (during anaphase)
What occurs in Metaphase?
Why is it important?
- Duplicated chromosomes line up around the middle of the cell.
- It ensures that each duplicated pair can easily part to opposite sides of the cell
What occurs in Anaphase?
- The chromosomes ( and all duplicated material) are pulled apart by the centriole spindles to opposite poles
What occurs during Telephase?
- Chromosomes complete their journey to the poles
- Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, briefly creating a cell with 2 nuceli.
- In late telephase, cytokinesis occurs (the cell splits in two)
A cell has twice as many mitochondria as a typical cell. It also has a large amount of rough ER.
What functions might the cell have?
- Produce a lot of energy
- Produce proteins
what is the formula for circumfrence?
3.14 x diameter
What happens if mitosis occurs in an uncontrolled manner in the body?
Mutations and cancer can occur
What color did the agar cube turn in the diffusion experiment?
Pink
Why did the agar cube change color?
Because the agar cubes are infused with phenopthalein and when you put them in a NaOH solution, the interaction causes them to change color.
