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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA and other nucleic acids are

A

polymers of nucleotides

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2
Q

* Each DNA nucleotide consits of what three things?

A
  1. Sugar (deoyribose)
  2. Phosphate (Backbone)
  3. Nitrogenous base
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3
Q

* Which has Uracil, DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

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4
Q

* What are the hydrogen bonds DNA (nitrogenous) bases?

A

A ⇉ T

Adenine has a double hydrogen bond to Thymine

C ⇶ G

Cytosine has a triple bond to Guanine

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5
Q

What are the two purines?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
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6
Q

What are the to pyrimidines?

A
  1. Cytosine
  2. Thymine
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7
Q

Genes are…

A

genetic instructions for the synthesis of proteins

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8
Q

A gene is…

A

a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that synthesizes a specific protein

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9
Q

The Genome are…

A

all the genes of one person.

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10
Q

* What types of cells do glands contain?

A

Cuboidal

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11
Q

Transcription occurs in the

A

nucleus

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12
Q

DNA ⟶ mRNA is the process of

A

Transcription

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13
Q

mRNA ⟶ Protein is the process of

A

Translation

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14
Q

mRNA =

A

messenger

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15
Q

rRNA =

A

ribosomal

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16
Q

tRNA =

A

Transfer

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17
Q

Translation is

A

the process that converts nucleotides into amino acids.

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18
Q

Ribosomes are resoponsible for

A

translating/converting the nucleotides (RNA) into amino acids (proteins)

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19
Q

Outline the process of translation/transcription to completed protein.

A
  1. DNA is duplicated in nucleus
  2. mRNA is released to ribosomes in the rough ER
  3. Ribosomes convert the mRNA info to proteins and releases to Golgi complex
  4. Golgi complex identifies the protein and packages it to be used inside the cell or to be released for extracellular use.
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20
Q

Before a cell divides, it must

A

duplicate its DNA

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21
Q

DNA controls all

A

cellular function

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22
Q

Give a general definition of the cell cycle.

A

The cell’s life cycle that extends from one cell division to the next.

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23
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitotic Phase/M phase
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24
Q

* The cell spends most of its time in what phase?

A

Interphase

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25
Q

* What are the subphases of interphase?

A
  • G0 (G zero)
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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26
Q

Explain G zero phase

A

The are cells that have left the cell cycle for a “rest” (ex. muscle and nerve cells)

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27
Q

Explain G1 phase

A
  • first gap phase
  • interal between cell division and DNA replication
  • Accumulates materials needed to replciate DNA
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28
Q

* Explain S phase

A
  • synthesis phase
  • Duplicates centrioles
  • DNA replication occurs
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29
Q

Explain the G2 phase

A
  • second gap phase
  • interval between DNA replication and cell division
  • Finishes centriole duplication
  • Synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
  • Repairs DNA replication errors
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30
Q

Explain M phase

A
  • Mitotic phase
  • cell divides into two daughter cells
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31
Q

True or False

Cell cycle duration is the same between all cell types

A

FALSE

It varies between cell types

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32
Q

True or False

Cell division in all occurs in all body cells

A

FALSE

eggs and sperm do not go through mitosis

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33
Q

* What are the four phases of Mitosis?

A

P.M.A.T

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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34
Q

What occurs in Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle fibers grow from centrioles
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
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35
Q

What occurs in Metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes form around the midline of cell in preparation for division
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36
Q

What occurs in Anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres divide in two
  • Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell
  • Each pole now has identical set of genes
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37
Q

What occurs in Telephase?

A
  • Chromosomes gahter at each pole of cell
  • Chromatin decondenses
  • New nuclear envelope appears at each pole
  • New nucleoli appear in each nucleus
  • Mitotic spindle vanishes (separation completed)
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38
Q

* Cells divide when…

A
  • They have enough cytoplasm for two daughter cells
  • They have replicated their DNA
  • They have an adequate supply of nutrients
  • They are stimulated by growth factor
  • When neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells
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39
Q

Cells stop dividing when…

A
  • They snugly contact neighboring cells
  • Nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn
  • They undergo contact inhibition - the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells
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40
Q

Heredity is

A

the transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

41
Q

Karyotype refers to

A

a chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features

42
Q

The two members of eaich chromosome pair are called

A

homologous chromosomes

43
Q

The SRY gene is responsible for developing

A

testosterone

44
Q

Diploid cells are

A

any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes

45
Q

Diploid cells are also known as

A

Somatic cells

46
Q

Haploid cells contain

A

half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

47
Q

2 examples of haploid cells are

A

sperm and egg cells

48
Q

What happens to haploid cells upon fertilization?

A

restores diploid number to the egg and they become somatic cells.

49
Q

* Define Locus

A

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

50
Q

What is an Alleles?

A

Different forms of a gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

51
Q

What are the two types of alleles?

A
  1. Dominant
  2. Recessive
52
Q

What are the characteristics of a dominant allele?

A
  • Corresponding trait is usually detectable in the individual
  • Masks the effect of any recessive allele that may be present
  • Produces protein responsible for visible trait
53
Q

What are the characteristics of a recessive allele?

A
  • Expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes
  • No dominant alleles at that locus
54
Q

* Genotype are…

A

the genes you have.

55
Q

* Phenotype is…

A

the physical expression of a gene (observable trait)

56
Q

Homozygous alleles are

A

two identical alleles for a trait/gene

57
Q

Heterozygous alleles are…

A

two different alleles for a trait/gene

58
Q

* A gene pool is…

A

the collective genetic makeup of a population as a whole

59
Q

Codominant alleles are…

A

both phenotypically expressed

60
Q

Incomplete dominance results in…

A

a brand new (novel) phenotyipical manifestation

61
Q

* Two sex-linked traits are

A
  1. color blindness
  2. hemophelia
62
Q

What are the characteristics of a benign tumor?

A
  • slow growth
  • contained in fibrous capsule
  • will not metastisize
  • usually easy to treat
63
Q

What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor?

A
  • called cancer
  • fast growing
  • will metastasize
64
Q

What does metastasize mean?

A

A cancer that gives off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere.

65
Q

Oncology is

A

a medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors

66
Q

Carcinoma is cancer of

A

the epithelial tissue

67
Q

Lymphoma is cancer of

A

lymph nodes

68
Q

Melanoma is cancer of

A

the pgiment cells of epidermis

69
Q

Leukemia is cancer of

A

blood forming tissues

70
Q

Sarcoma is cancer of

A

bone, connective tissue or muscle

71
Q

A carcinogen is…

A

an environmental cancer-causing agent

72
Q

Give three carcinogens with examples of each.

A
  1. Radiation: ultraviolet rays, x-rays
  2. Chemical: cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals
  3. Viruses: HPV, hepatitis C, type 2 herpes simplex
73
Q

What percentage of cancers are hereditary?

A

5-10%

74
Q

Carcinogens trigger…

A

gene mutations

75
Q

Oncogenes cause cell division to…

A

accelerate out of control

76
Q

What do tumor-suppressor genes do?

A

inhibit development of cancer

77
Q

ID: A

A

Extracellular Fluid

78
Q

ID: B

A

Peripheral Protein

79
Q

ID: C

A

Glycolipid

80
Q

ID: D

A

Glycoprotein

81
Q

ID: E

A

Carbohydrate chain

82
Q

ID: F

A

Phospholipid bilayer

83
Q

ID: G

A

Channel

84
Q

ID: H

A

Peripheral protein

85
Q

ID: I

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

ID: J

A

Transmembrane protein

87
Q

ID: K

A

Intracellular fluid

88
Q

ID: L

A

Proteins of cytoskeleton

89
Q

ID Cell Type: A

A

Receptor

90
Q

ID Cell Type: B

A

Enzyme

91
Q

ID Cell Type: C

A

Channel

92
Q

ID Cell Type: D

A

Gated

93
Q

ID Cell Type: E

A

Cell-identity marker

94
Q

ID Cell Type: F

A
95
Q

Explain the difference between

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A
  • Genotype = Genes possessed
  • Phenotype = Genes expressed
96
Q

* Osteocytes are

A

mature bone cells

97
Q

* Osteoblasts are

A

immature bone cells

98
Q

* A cell spends most of its time ( of the cell cycle ) in

A

interphase

99
Q

* Why is mitosis important for the growth and repair of tissue?

A

Mitosis will create new cells to replace cells lost in damaged tissue as well as fill in the gaps as tissue grows.

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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