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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 6: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch 6: Integumentary System Flashcards

Exam 2 Review

1
Q

The integumentary system consists of

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • cutaneous glands
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2
Q

The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system is known as…

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

Name the 3 layers of skin.

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
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4
Q

In what layer of the skin are shots given?

A

hypodermis

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5
Q

What is the piloerector muscle responsible for?

A

raising a hair to stand on end

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6
Q

In what layer of skin is the bulb of a hair found?

A

dermis

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7
Q

Thick skin is located where?

A
  • palms of hand
  • soles of feet
  • well used finger and toe surfaces
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8
Q

The skin absorbs what vitamin?

A

D

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9
Q

Vitamin D helps us to absorb…

A

Calcium

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10
Q

What are the four functions of skin?

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Nonverbal communication
  4. Transdermal absorption
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11
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What are the five types of cells in the epidermis?

A
  1. Stem cells
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Tactile (or Merkel) cells
  5. Dendritic (or Langerhans) cells
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13
Q

Tactile cells are also known as _______ cells

A

merkel

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14
Q

Dendritic cells are also known as _______ cells.

A

Langerhans

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15
Q

Characteristics of stem cells:

A
  • undifferentiated cells that give tise to keratinocytes
  • in deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)
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16
Q

Characteristics of keratinocytes:

A
  • great majority of epidermal cells
  • synthesize keratin
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17
Q

Characteristics of tactile/merkel cells:

A
  • in basal layer of epidermis
  • touch receptors associated with dermal nerve fibers
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18
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (top to bottom)?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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19
Q

Characteristics of stratum basale:

A
  • single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane
  • Melanocytes and tactile/merkel cells are scattered throughout this layer
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20
Q

Stem cells of stratum basale divide to…

A
  • give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface
  • replace lost epidermal cells
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21
Q

Characteristics of stratum spinosum:

A
  • produce keratin filaments which flattens cells as they migrate up.
  • layer where dendric/langerhans cells are found
  • thickest stratum of epidermis
  • deepest cells capable of mitosis
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22
Q

Characteristics of stratum granulosum:

A
  • consits of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes
  • contains dark-staning keratohyali granules
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23
Q

Characteristics of stratum lucidum:

A
  • only found in thick skin
  • cells have no nucleus or other organelles (no translation)
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24
Q

Keratinocytes are produced by _____ _____ in the stratum _______.

A

stem cells, basale

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25
Q

Mitosis requires an abundant supply of…

A

oxygen and nutrients.

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26
Q

In __ - ___ days, a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off.

A

30-40

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27
Q

Water retention is important in preventing _______.

A

dehydration

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28
Q

What items are found in the dermal layer of skin?

A
  • blood vessels
  • glands
  • nerve endings
  • piloerecter muscles
  • hair follicles and nail rooted
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29
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

protrusions from dermis up into the epidermis layer to provide nutrients

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30
Q

The papillary layer is made of what type of tissue

A

areolar

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31
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. reticular layer
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32
Q

The reticular layer consists of what kind of tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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33
Q

Characteristics of hypodermis:

A
  • made of areolar and adipose tissue
  • layer for injections
  • pads body
  • binds skin to underlying tissues
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34
Q

Characteristics of subcutaneous fat:

A
  • energy reservoir
  • thermal insulation
  • 8% thicker in women
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35
Q

Eumalanin =

A

brownish black

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36
Q

Pheomelanin =

A

a reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment

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37
Q

True or False

People of different skin colors have the same number of melanocytes.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

Chacteristics of melanin in dark-skinned people:

A
  • produce greater quantities of melanin
  • melanin breaks down more slowly
  • melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis
  • melanin granuales spread out
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39
Q

Chacteristics of melanin in light-skinned people:

A
  • melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
  • melanin breaks down more rapidly
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40
Q

Red pigment of red blood cells is called

A

hemoglobin

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41
Q

A yellow pigment concentrated in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat is called

A

Carotene

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42
Q

Blueness of skin from dificiency of oxygen in the circulating blood

A

Cyanosis

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43
Q

Abnormal redness of skin due to dialated cutaneous vessels is called

A

Erythema

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44
Q

Causes of erythema

A
  • exercise
  • hot weather
  • sunburn
  • anger
  • embarrassment
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45
Q

Causes of cyanosis

A
  • airway obstrcuction
  • lung diseases
  • cold weather
  • cardiac arrest
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46
Q

Pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow through skin and the whtie color of dermal collagen is visible refers to

A

Pallor

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47
Q

Causes of pallor:

A
  • emotional stress
  • low blood pressure
  • circulatory sock
  • cold
  • anemia
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48
Q

A genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin and pink eyes

A

Albinism

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49
Q

Cause of albinism:

A

Inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele

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50
Q

What are causes of jaundice and how does it manifest?

A
  • cancer
  • hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • compromised liver function
  • presents by a yellowing of the skin
51
Q

Hematoma:

A
  • mass of clotted blood showing through skin
  • also called a bruise
52
Q

The varied manifestation of skin color in humans was caused by

A
  • geographic location and exposure to ultraviolet radiation
  • northern/southern folk = lighter skin
  • equatercentric folk = darker skin
53
Q

What are two adverse effects of UVR?

A
  1. skin cancer
  2. breaks down folic acid needed for mitosis, fertility and fetal development
54
Q

In what way is UVR positive?

A

stimulates synthesis of vitamin D

55
Q

True or False

Altitude and dry air have nothing to do with skin pigmentation.

A

False

Andes, Tibet, Ethiopia peeps have darker skin than their lowland kin.

56
Q

UVR accounts for up to __% of variation in human skin color

A

77%

57
Q

What are some other modern causes of variations in skin color?

A
  • migration
  • intermarriage
  • darwinian sexual selection (pref of complexion in mate)
58
Q

Friction ridges are also known as…

A

fingerprints

59
Q

Friction ridges allow for…

A

the manipulation of small objects

60
Q

Flexion lines are found…

A

where the skin folds during flexion of the joints

(fingers, elbows, etc)

61
Q

Hemangiomas are also known as…

A

birthmarks

62
Q

Flat, melanized patches on the skin are called

A

Freckles

63
Q

Elevated melanized patches (often with hair) are called

A

moles

64
Q

Moles should be wached for…

why?

A

changes in color, diameter or contour

may be skin cancer

65
Q

Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries are called a

A

Hemangioma or birthmark

66
Q

The accessory organs of the skin are:

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • cutaneous glands
67
Q

Hair and nails are composed of mostly

A

dead, karatinized cells

68
Q

Soft keratin makes up

A

stratum corneum of skin

69
Q

Hard keratin makes up

A

hair and nails

70
Q

What are the 3 kind of hair?

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Vellus
  3. Terminal
71
Q

Characteristics of lanugo hair

A

fine downy fetal hair that appears in the last 3 months of development

72
Q

Characteristics of vellus hair

A
  • fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by birth
  • two-thirds of hair on women (arm hair, etc)
  • 1/10th of hair on men (in bald areas of the head)
  • All hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp
73
Q

Characteristics of terminal hair

A
  • longer, coarser, darker hair
  • eyebrows, lashes, scalp
  • after puberty: auxillary (pits) and pubic hair
  • male facial hair and some on trunk and limbs
74
Q

Name and give brief description of the 3 parts of a hair.

A
  1. Bulb - swelling at the base in dermis or hypodermis. Only area that contains living hair cells
  2. Root - the remainder of the hair between bulb and surface
  3. Shaft - visible portion above the skin
75
Q

Brown and black hair is rich in

A

eumelanin

76
Q

Red hair has a slight amount of _______ but a high concentration of ______.

A

eumelanin, pheomelanin

77
Q

Blonde hair has an intermediate amount of _______ and very little _______ .

A

pheomelanin, eumelanin

78
Q

Gray and white hair results from scarcity or absence of _______ in the cortex and the presence of _______ in the medulla.

A

melanin, air

79
Q

Regarding hair texture:

  1. Straight hair is
  2. Wavy hair is
  3. Curly hair is
A
  1. round
  2. oval
  3. relatively flat
80
Q

Hirsutism:

A

excessive hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy

81
Q

The nail plate is made of:

A
  • free edge
  • nail body
  • eponychium (cuticle)
82
Q

The nail root is the part that

A

goes under the skin at the bottom.

83
Q

The nail fold is the area

A

where the nail and flesh of finger meet

84
Q

The lighter color at the base of the nail is called the

A

lunule

85
Q

Sweat is primarily a

A

protein-free filtrate of blood plasma

86
Q

The acidity of sweat or acid mantle does what?

A

inhibits bacterial growth

87
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

does not produce visible wetness of skin

(500 mL/day)

88
Q

Diaphoresis:

A

sweating with wetness of skin

(may lose 1 L of sweat per hr)

89
Q

Sebum:

A

Oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands

90
Q

Holocrine gland secrtion consists of…

A

broken down cells

91
Q

Ceruminous glands produce..

A

Cerumen (earwax)

92
Q

Purpose of cerumen?

A
  • Keeps eardrum pliable
  • Waterproofs the canal
  • Kills bacteria
  • Makes hairs of ear sticky to block foreign particals from entering
93
Q

Prolactin is the…

A

hormone to produce milk

94
Q

Expression of milk is encourged by

A

oxytocin

95
Q

Three types of cancer:

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. malignant melanoma
96
Q

Characteristics of first degree burn:

A
  • partial thickness burn
  • involves only epidermis
  • marked by redness and soreness
  • ex. sunburn
97
Q

Characteristics of second degree burn:

A
  • involves epidermis AND part of dermis
  • leaves part of dermis intact
  • red, tan or white
  • two weeks to several months to heal. May leave scar
  • blistered, painful
98
Q

Characteristics of third degree burn:

A
  • full-thickness burn
  • effects epidermis, all of dermis and some deeper tissues (muscles or bones) are destroyed
  • often requires skin grafts
  • needs fluid replacement and infection control
99
Q

Autograft:

A

tissue taken from another location on the same person’s body

100
Q

Isograft:

A

skin from identical twin

101
Q

Homograft:

A

skin from unrelated person

102
Q

Heterograft:

A

skin from another species or amnion from afterbirth

103
Q

What kind of gland secretes hormones?

A

endocrine

104
Q

Melanin is the most significant factor in

A

skin color

105
Q

Melanin is produced by

A

melanocytes

106
Q

Melanin is spread throughout the keratinocytes of which layers of the epidermis?

A

Strutum spinsosum and basale

107
Q

In what stratum of the epidermis are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale

108
Q

Melanin shields _______ from _______.

A

DNA, UVR

109
Q

Dendritic/langerhans cells are located in which stratum of the epidermis?

A

granulosum and spinosum

110
Q

Epidermal cells that attack pathogens and bacteria are called

A

dendritic/langerhans cells

111
Q

Basal cell carncioma

Forms from cells in what stratum?

A

Basale

112
Q

Characteristics of a leasion of basal cell carcinoma are

A

small, shiny bump with a central depression

113
Q

True or False

Basal cell carcinoma is the least common and most dangerous type of skin cancer.

A

FALSE

It is the most common and least dangerous.

114
Q

Squamous cell carcnioma forms from what cells in what stratum of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

115
Q

A leasion of squamous cell carcinoma has

A

raised, reddened, scaly appearance later forming a concave ulcer

116
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma has a good chance of recovery with _______ detection and _______ removal.

A

early, surgical

117
Q

Malignant melanoma effects what cells?

A

melanocytes

118
Q

Can melaignant melanoma be treated?

A

Surgically yes, if caught early

119
Q

True or False

Malignant melenoma is the most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer.

A

False

it is the least common and most dangerous

120
Q

Malignant melanoma _______ rapidy and is unresponsive to _______ chemo therapy.

A
121
Q

The stratum _______ exfoliates over time.

A

corneum

122
Q

What is the primary layer of the epidermis that is resistnt to abrasion, penetration and water loss?

A

Stratum Corneum

123
Q

Which layer of epidermis has up to 30 layers of dead keratinized cells?

A

Stratum corneum

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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