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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 7: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 7: Bone Tissue Flashcards

Exam 2 Review

1
Q

The study of bone is known as

A

Osteology

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2
Q

Bone is both a _______ and an _______.

A

tissue, organ

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3
Q

The skeletal system is composed of

A
  • bones
  • cartilages
  • ligaments
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4
Q

Ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

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5
Q

Tendons attach

A

muscle to bone

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6
Q

What are the 6 functions (w/ brief description) of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support - hold up body, support muscles
  2. Protection - brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
  3. Movement - limb movements, breathing, action of muscle on bone
  4. Electrolyte balance - calcium (nerve production, muscle contraction) and phosphate ions (bone modeling and remodeling)
  5. Acid-base balance - buffers blood against excessive pH changes
  6. Blood formation - red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells
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7
Q

Bone what type of tissue?

A

osseous

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8
Q

Individual bones consist of…

A
  • bone tissue
  • bone marrow
  • cartilage
  • adipose tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue
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9
Q

What are the four general types of bones?

A
  1. flat
  2. long
  3. short
  4. irregular
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10
Q

Characteristics of flat bones:

A
  • protect soft organs
  • curved, but wide and thin
  • ex. sternum
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11
Q

Characteristics of long bones

A
  • longer than wide
  • rigid lvers acted upon by muscles
  • ex. femur or humerus
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12
Q

Characteristics of short bones:

A
  • equal in length and width
  • glide across one another in multiple directions
  • ex. tarsal bone
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13
Q

Characteristics of irregular bones

A
  • elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories
  • ex. tarsals, carpals, sacrum
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14
Q

Define bone feature:

Compact bone

A

dense outer shell of long bone

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15
Q

Define bone feature:

diaphysis

A

shaft cylinder of compact bone

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16
Q

Define bone feature:

medullary cavity

A

space in the diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow

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17
Q

Define bone feature:

epiphyses

A

enlarged ends of long bone which are strengthened for joint, ligament and tendone attachments

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18
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone:

A
  • spongelike appearance
  • spaces are filled with red bone marrow
  • few osteons
  • provides strength with minimal weight
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19
Q

Define bone feature:

articular cartilage

A
  • layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where only bone meets another
  • allows joint to move more freely and relatively friction free
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20
Q

Define bone feature:

nutrient foramina

A

minute holes in the bones surface that allow blood vessels to penetrate

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21
Q

Define bone feature:

periosteum

A

External sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage

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22
Q

What are the two layers of periosteum and their general function?

A
  1. outer fibrous layer - attach to tendons
  2. innter osteogenic layer - bone forming cells important for growth and healing of fractures (stem cells are in this layer)
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23
Q

Define bone feature and general function:

endosteum

A
  • thin layer of reticular tissue lining marrow cavity
  • has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it
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24
Q

Define bone feature and general function:

epiphyseal plate

A
  • Area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis.
  • enables growth in length of bone
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25
Q

Define bone feature:

epiphyseal line

A

A bony scar in adult bone that marks where the growth (epiphyseal) plate used to be

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26
Q

ID: 1

A

epiphysis

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27
Q

ID: 2

A

diaphysis

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28
Q

ID: 1

A

Articular cartilage

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29
Q

ID: 2

A

red bone marrow

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30
Q

ID: 3

A

epiphseal plate/line

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31
Q

ID: 4

A

marrow cavity

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32
Q

ID: 5

A

yellow bone marrow

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33
Q

ID 6:

A

periosteum

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34
Q

ID: 7

A

nutrient foramen

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35
Q

ID 8:

A

endosteum

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36
Q

ID: 9

A

compact bone

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37
Q

ID: 10

A

spongy bone

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38
Q

ID: 11

A

epiphyseal line/plate

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39
Q

ID: 12

A

articular cartilage

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40
Q

Define bone feature and general function:

Diploe

A
  • The spongy bone between the inner and outer compact bone of the skull.
  • Absorbs shock
  • Marrow spaces lined with endosteum
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41
Q

Bone is a _______ _______ that consists of _____, _____, and _______.

A
  • connective tissue
  • cells
  • fibers
  • ground substance
42
Q

What are the four principal types of bone cells?

(with general function)

A
  1. osteogenic cells - create osteoblasts
  2. osteoblasts - create bone forming cells
  3. osteocytes - regulate bone remodeling
  4. osteoclasts - bone desolving
43
Q

Osteoclasts are responsible for

A

resporption and reabsorption

44
Q

In bone remodeling, osteoclasts are responsible for

A

breaking down bone.

45
Q

In bone remodeling, osteoblasts are responsible for

A

bone rebuilding

46
Q

The matrix of osseous tissue is 1/3 _____ and 2/3 ______.

A

organic, inorganic

47
Q

Rickets is

A

soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts

48
Q

Osteogensis imperfecta:

A

Also known as brittle bone disease. Excessively brittle bones due to the lack of protein & collagen

49
Q

Red marrow is also known as

A

myeloid tissue

50
Q

The hemopoietic tissue of red marrow produces

A

red blood cells

51
Q

Red marrow that turns into fatty marrow is called _______ _______.

A

yellow marrow

52
Q

True or False

Yellow marrow produces red blood cells

A

False

53
Q

Nutrients get into the bone via the _______ _______ and reach the central veritcal canals through transverse perforating canals called _______ ________.

A

nutrient formina, Volkmann canals.

54
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

In the central cavities of long bones and in the trabeculae of spongy bone

55
Q

Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called ______.

A

osteoblasts

56
Q

True or False

Bones only grow in length throughout a person’s life.

A

FALSE

The grow in width and length

57
Q

The epiphyseal plate is made of…

A

hyaline cartilage

58
Q

The epiphyseal line is made of…

A

bone

59
Q

True or False

The epiphyseal line is where bone growth is occuring.

A

FALSE

The line forms after the growth is complete and the cartliage has turned to bone.

60
Q

Interstitial growth refers to bone growth in what direction?

A

length

61
Q

Appositional growth refers to bone growth in what direction?

A

Width

62
Q

Punching wood to build up tissue through stress is an example of…

A

Wolff’s law of bone

63
Q

Wolff’s law of bone states that the architecture of bone is determined by _______ stresses placed upon it and the bones adapt to withstand those stresses.

A

mechanical

64
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfisim efects the growth of…

A

long bones

65
Q

What type of dwarfism is results in a dwarf with normal proportions?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

66
Q

Calcium levels are maintained by the hormones ______ and _____ / _____

A

Calcitonin, Calcitriol / PTH (parathyroid hormone)

67
Q

Osteoblasts _______ bone.

A

build

68
Q

Osteoclasts _______ bone.

A

dissolve

69
Q

Osteoblasts takes Ca2+ + PO43- (calcium phosphate) from _______ and puts it _____.

A

blood stream, bone

70
Q

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts work together to maintain _______.

A

calcium homeostasis

71
Q

Calcitriol and PTH ________ calcium and phosphate in _______.

A

increase, blood

72
Q

Calcitonin ________ calcium and phosphate in _______.

A

decreases, blood

73
Q

As calcium increases, phosphate _______.

A

increases as well.

74
Q

True or False

If there is an increase of calcium phosphate in blood, it has no effect on bone.

A

FALSE.

An increase in either calcium phosphate in blood causes a decrease of it in bone and vise verse

75
Q

Osteoblast activity = a _______ in PTH/Calcitriol activity.

A

decrease

76
Q

Osteoblast activity = a _______ in calcitonin activity.

A

increase

77
Q

Osteoclast activity = a _______ in calcitonin activity.

A

decrease

78
Q

Osteoclast activity = a _______ in PTH/calcitriol activity.

A

increase

79
Q

Osteoclast activity takes calcium phosphate from _____ and puts it into _____.

A

bone, blood

80
Q

Osteoblast activity takes calcium phosphate from _____ and puts it into _____.

A

blood, bone

81
Q

Mineral resorption is the process of dissolving bone and

A

releasing minerals into the blood

82
Q

Phosphate is a component of

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • ATP
  • Phospholipids
  • pH buffers
83
Q

Calcium is needed in…

A
  • neuron communication
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • exocytosis
84
Q

A break in the bone where the bone hasn’t moved out of place is called a

A

nondisplaced fracture

85
Q

A break in a bone that has resulted in in being out of natural alignment is called a

A

displaced fracture

86
Q

A break in a bone in multiple places is called a

A

comminuted fracture

87
Q

A break in the bone that has penetrated the skin is called a

A

compound fracture

88
Q

A partial break in a bone that is not displaced (usually found in children) is called a

A

greenstick fracture

89
Q

What are the four steps of a bone healing a fracture?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
90
Q

A procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery is called

A

closed reduction

91
Q

When fixing a fracture involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, scres or pins to realign the fragments, it is called

A

open reduction

92
Q

What is used to stablize and immobilize a healing bone?

A

a cast.

93
Q

What method of treatment is used to treat fractures of the femur or hip in children?

A

Traction

94
Q

What treatment accelerates repair of bone healing by suppressing effects of parathyroid hormone?

A

electrical stimulation

95
Q

Osteoporosis is a

A

loss of density due to a loss of organic matrix and minerals

96
Q

Estrogen _______ osteoclasts

A

inhibits

97
Q

Post menapause, osteoclast activity _______.

A

increases

98
Q

Hydroxyapatite is also known as…

A

calcium phosphate

99
Q

What does Hydroxyapatite do to bone?

A

makes it hard

100
Q

Calcium phosphate accounts for ____ of the weight of bone.

A

2/3

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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