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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are composed of…

A

Cells

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2
Q

Cells are responsible for…

A

All structural and functional properties of a living organism

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3
Q

The _____ is the simplest structural & functional unit of life.

A

Cell

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4
Q

Cells only come from _____ cells, not from non-living matter.

A

Pre-existing

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5
Q

Describe a Squamous cell

A

Thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge

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6
Q

Describe a Polygonal cell

A

Irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

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7
Q

Describe a Stellate cell

A

Starlike shape

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8
Q

Describe a Cuboidal cell

A

Squarish and about as tall as it is wide

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9
Q

Describe a Columnar cell

A

Taller than wide

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10
Q

Describe a Spheroid to ovoid cell

A

Round to Oval

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11
Q

Describe a Discoid cell

A

Disc-shaped

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12
Q

Describe a Fusiform cell

A

Thick in the middle, tapered toward the ends

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13
Q

Describe a Fibrous cell

A

Threadlike shape

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14
Q

Stellate cells are used by…

A

the nervous system

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15
Q

Fusiform cells are found in…

A

smooth muscle

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16
Q

Spheroid cells are found in…

A

female sex cells (oo cyte/egg). Also in immune system

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17
Q

Fibrous cells can be found in…

A

muscles such as biceps

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18
Q

Polygonal cells are found in…

A

skin

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19
Q

Red blood cells are an example of what type of cell?

A

Discoid

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20
Q

What happens if a cell is too big?

A

Nutrients can take too long to get to the center

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21
Q

What is the problem with a cell being too small?

A

Nutrients enter and exit too quickly not allowing time for absorption.

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22
Q

Give the formulas for finding the area of a square and the volume of a square.

A

Area = W x H Volume = L x W x H

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23
Q

The surface area of a cell is proportional to…

A

the square of its diameter

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24
Q

The volume of a cell is proportional to…

A

the cube of its diameter

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25
Q

If a cell becomes too large, it may…

A

rupture

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26
Q

Describe the plasma (cell) membrane

A
  • Surrounds cell, defines boundries
  • Made of proteins and lipids
  • Composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another or from cell to cell
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27
Q

What does Cytoplasm consist of?

A
  • Organelles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
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28
Q

Define Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside of the cell

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29
Q

Proteins are made of

A

Amino Acids

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30
Q

Monomers come together to form

A

Polymers

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31
Q

Lipids are made of

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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32
Q

Where does Transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

Where does Translation take place?

A

The Ribosomes in the rough ER

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34
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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35
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Detoxifies alcohol

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36
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Columnar

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37
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Cuboidal

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38
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Discoid

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39
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Fibrous

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40
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Fusiform

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41
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Polygonal

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42
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Spheroidal

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43
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Squamous

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44
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Stellate

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45
Q

Cuboidal and Columnar cells are good for

A

absorbtion and secretion

46
Q

What type of cells are commonly found in glands?

A

Cuboidal

47
Q

What type of cells are commonly found in the GI tract/digstive system?

A

Columnar

48
Q

What type of cell is shaped like a football with tapered ends and is found in smooth muscle?

A

Fusiform

49
Q

What type of cells are red blood cells?

A

Discoid

50
Q

What type of cells are found in in skin? (not the surface cells)

A

Polygonal

51
Q

Stallate cells are used by

A

the nervous system

52
Q

Female oocytes or eggs are what type of cell?

A

Spheroidal

53
Q

What is the problem with a cell that is too small?

A

Nutrients enter and exit too quickly with no chance for absorbtion

54
Q

What is the problem with a cell that is too big?

A

It takes too long for the nutrients to get to the center

55
Q

True or False

The greater the surface area, the lower the rate of diffusion is.

A

False

56
Q

If a cell becomes too large, it may

A

rupture

57
Q

A cell membrane is made of _____ with ______ heads and _____ tails.

A
  • plasma
  • hydrophlic
  • hydrophobic
58
Q

When drawing the cell membrane, what is the order of heads and tails?

A

Heads, tails, tails, heads

59
Q

Cytoplasm consists of what 3 things?

A
  1. Organelles
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
60
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is

A

fluid outside of the cell

61
Q

A protein floating on the top of the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane is called a

A

peripheral protein

62
Q

What do carbohydrate chains do for the cell

A

Identify it so that it doesn’t get attacked by the immune system

63
Q

A transmembrane protein is

A

a protein that protrudes both inner and outer sides of the cell membrane

64
Q

What does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?

A

stiffens it

65
Q

Carbohydrate chains can attach to both a

A

glycoprotein and peripheral protein on the cell’s surface

66
Q

98% of the molecules in a plasma membrane are

A

lipids

67
Q

75% of membrane lipids are

A

phospholipids

68
Q

Amphiphilic molecules make up the

A

bilayer of the cell

69
Q

Hydrophilic phosphate heads face

A

the water on each side of the membrane

70
Q

Hydrophobic tails face

A

the center of the membrane avoiding water

71
Q

Cholesterol makes up ___% of membrane lipids

A

20%

72
Q

5% of the membrane lipids are

A

Glycolipids

73
Q

Glycolipids are

A

phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face

74
Q

True or False

Extracellular and the cell surface are the same thing.

A

True

75
Q

Glycocalyx is a

A

carbohydrate coating on the cell surface

76
Q

* Transmembrane proteins allow for the

A

passing of material in and out of the cell

77
Q

What is a Receptor transmembrane protein do?

A

A receptor that binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells.

78
Q

What does an Enzyme transmembrane protein do?

A

Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates it’s effect.

79
Q

* What is an Ion Channel transmembrane protein?

A

A channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass in and out of the cell.

80
Q

* What is a gated ion channel transmembrane protein?

A

A gated channel proten that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times.

81
Q

What is a cell-identity marker protein?

A

A transmembrane glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells.

82
Q

What is a CAM?

A

A Cell-adhesion molecule that binds one cell to another cell.

83
Q

* Explain the messenger process from first to second messenger to effect.

A
  • Hormone/messenger is received by the recepter transmembrane protein.
  • The recepter protein internally releases a G protein that binds to an enzyme.
  • The enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • cAMP activates a cytoplasmic enzyme called kinase which triggers varied metabolic effects in the cell
84
Q

The fuzzy external coat on the membrane is called

A

the glycocalyx

85
Q

True or False

Glycocalyx are unique in everyone but identical twins.

A

True

86
Q

What are 7 functions of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Immunity to infection
  3. Defense against cancer
  4. Transplant compatibility
  5. Cell adhesion
  6. Fertilization
  7. Embbryonic development
87
Q

“Brush border” on a cell is also known as

A

Microvilli

88
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli

A

to increase the cell’s surface area

89
Q

* Microvilli are found in the

A

digestive tract

90
Q

Cilia serve to

A

move particles

91
Q

Motile cilia are found in what places?

A
  • respiratory tract
  • uterine tubes
  • ventricles of the brain
  • efferent ductules of testes
92
Q

What are flagella? Where are they found in humans?

A

A tail like structure that serves to provide movement. In humans they are only found on male sperm cells.

93
Q

Endocytosis is

A

Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell

94
Q

What are the three types of Endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Recepter-mediated endocytosis
95
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

The process of a Phagocyte engufing large particles (cell eating)

96
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

A cell taking in droplets of ECF (extra-cellular fluid) containing molecules useful to the cell.

97
Q

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

The particle attaches to a receptor transmembrane protein on the extracellular side and then triggers the internal secondary messenger system.

98
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A bubble-like enclosure of membrane.

99
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

The processes that move large particles, droplets or numerous molecules at once through the cell membrane.

100
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

A collection of filaments and cylinders that determines size, shape, organization of contents and directs movement of substances through the cell.

101
Q

Name the three components that make up the cytoskeleton in order of size (smallest to largest) and the purpose of each.

A
  1. Microfilaments: forms terminal web
  2. Intermediate fibers: provide support, strength and structure.
  3. Microtubules: provide movement and carries chromozone
102
Q

Name the main organelles of a cell and their general function.

A
  1. Nucleus: DNA replication (Transcription)
  2. Smooth ER: Detoxify alcohol
  3. Rough ER: Houses ribosomes
  4. Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (Translation)
  5. Gogi Complex: Tags the proteins and packages for intra or extracellular use
  6. Mitochondria: Synthesize ATP
103
Q

* What proteins carry out the

A
104
Q

* A destroyed nucleus effects

A

Transcription

105
Q

* Destroyed ribosomes efffect

A

Translation

106
Q

* Mitochondria produce _______, which is for _______.

A

ATP, energy

107
Q

* What type of cell is good for diffusion?

A

Simple squamous

108
Q

* What types of cells are good for secretion and absorption?

A

Columnar and Cuboidal

109
Q
  • Hypo =
  • Hyper =
  • Iso =
A
  • less
  • more
  • equal
110
Q

* An enzyme is a protein that _______ the activating energy to make a reaction occur _______.

A

lowers, faster

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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