Ch 3 Flashcards
All organisms are composed of…
Cells
Cells are responsible for…
All structural and functional properties of a living organism
The _____ is the simplest structural & functional unit of life.
Cell
Cells only come from _____ cells, not from non-living matter.
Pre-existing
Describe a Squamous cell
Thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
Describe a Polygonal cell
Irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
Describe a Stellate cell
Starlike shape
Describe a Cuboidal cell
Squarish and about as tall as it is wide
Describe a Columnar cell
Taller than wide
Describe a Spheroid to ovoid cell
Round to Oval
Describe a Discoid cell
Disc-shaped
Describe a Fusiform cell
Thick in the middle, tapered toward the ends
Describe a Fibrous cell
Threadlike shape
Stellate cells are used by…
the nervous system
Fusiform cells are found in…
smooth muscle
Spheroid cells are found in…
female sex cells (oo cyte/egg). Also in immune system
Fibrous cells can be found in…
muscles such as biceps
Polygonal cells are found in…
skin
Red blood cells are an example of what type of cell?
Discoid
What happens if a cell is too big?
Nutrients can take too long to get to the center
What is the problem with a cell being too small?
Nutrients enter and exit too quickly not allowing time for absorption.
Give the formulas for finding the area of a square and the volume of a square.
Area = W x H Volume = L x W x H
The surface area of a cell is proportional to…
the square of its diameter
The volume of a cell is proportional to…
the cube of its diameter
If a cell becomes too large, it may…
rupture
Describe the plasma (cell) membrane
- Surrounds cell, defines boundries
- Made of proteins and lipids
- Composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another or from cell to cell
What does Cytoplasm consist of?
- Organelles
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
Define Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cell
Proteins are made of
Amino Acids
Monomers come together to form
Polymers
Lipids are made of
fatty acids and glycerol
Where does Transcription take place?
Nucleus
Where does Translation take place?
The Ribosomes in the rough ER
What does ER stand for?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What does smooth ER do?
Detoxifies alcohol
What type of cell is this?
Columnar
What type of cell is this?
Cuboidal
What type of cell is this?
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Fibrous
What type of cell is this?
Fusiform
What type of cell is this?
Polygonal
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
What type of cell is this?
Stellate
Cuboidal and Columnar cells are good for
absorbtion and secretion
What type of cells are commonly found in glands?
Cuboidal
What type of cells are commonly found in the GI tract/digstive system?
Columnar
What type of cell is shaped like a football with tapered ends and is found in smooth muscle?
Fusiform
What type of cells are red blood cells?
Discoid
What type of cells are found in in skin? (not the surface cells)
Polygonal
Stallate cells are used by
the nervous system
Female oocytes or eggs are what type of cell?
Spheroidal
What is the problem with a cell that is too small?
Nutrients enter and exit too quickly with no chance for absorbtion
What is the problem with a cell that is too big?
It takes too long for the nutrients to get to the center
True or False
The greater the surface area, the lower the rate of diffusion is.
False
If a cell becomes too large, it may
rupture
A cell membrane is made of _____ with ______ heads and _____ tails.
- plasma
- hydrophlic
- hydrophobic
When drawing the cell membrane, what is the order of heads and tails?
Heads, tails, tails, heads
Cytoplasm consists of what 3 things?
- Organelles
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is
fluid outside of the cell
A protein floating on the top of the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane is called a
peripheral protein
What do carbohydrate chains do for the cell
Identify it so that it doesn’t get attacked by the immune system
A transmembrane protein is
a protein that protrudes both inner and outer sides of the cell membrane
What does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?
stiffens it
Carbohydrate chains can attach to both a
glycoprotein and peripheral protein on the cell’s surface
98% of the molecules in a plasma membrane are
lipids
75% of membrane lipids are
phospholipids
Amphiphilic molecules make up the
bilayer of the cell
Hydrophilic phosphate heads face
the water on each side of the membrane
Hydrophobic tails face
the center of the membrane avoiding water
Cholesterol makes up ___% of membrane lipids
20%
5% of the membrane lipids are
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face
True or False
Extracellular and the cell surface are the same thing.
True
Glycocalyx is a
carbohydrate coating on the cell surface
* Transmembrane proteins allow for the
passing of material in and out of the cell
What is a Receptor transmembrane protein do?
A receptor that binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells.
What does an Enzyme transmembrane protein do?
Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates it’s effect.
* What is an Ion Channel transmembrane protein?
A channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass in and out of the cell.
* What is a gated ion channel transmembrane protein?
A gated channel proten that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times.
What is a cell-identity marker protein?
A transmembrane glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells.
What is a CAM?
A Cell-adhesion molecule that binds one cell to another cell.
* Explain the messenger process from first to second messenger to effect.
- Hormone/messenger is received by the recepter transmembrane protein.
- The recepter protein internally releases a G protein that binds to an enzyme.
- The enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
- cAMP activates a cytoplasmic enzyme called kinase which triggers varied metabolic effects in the cell
The fuzzy external coat on the membrane is called
the glycocalyx
True or False
Glycocalyx are unique in everyone but identical twins.
True
What are 7 functions of glycocalyx?
- Protection
- Immunity to infection
- Defense against cancer
- Transplant compatibility
- Cell adhesion
- Fertilization
- Embbryonic development
“Brush border” on a cell is also known as
Microvilli
What is the purpose of microvilli
to increase the cell’s surface area
* Microvilli are found in the
digestive tract
Cilia serve to
move particles
Motile cilia are found in what places?
- respiratory tract
- uterine tubes
- ventricles of the brain
- efferent ductules of testes
What are flagella? Where are they found in humans?
A tail like structure that serves to provide movement. In humans they are only found on male sperm cells.
Endocytosis is
Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell
What are the three types of Endocytosis?
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Recepter-mediated endocytosis
What is Phagocytosis?
The process of a Phagocyte engufing large particles (cell eating)
What is Pinocytosis?
A cell taking in droplets of ECF (extra-cellular fluid) containing molecules useful to the cell.
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
The particle attaches to a receptor transmembrane protein on the extracellular side and then triggers the internal secondary messenger system.
What is a vesicle?
A bubble-like enclosure of membrane.
What is vesicular transport?
The processes that move large particles, droplets or numerous molecules at once through the cell membrane.
What is the Cytoskeleton?
A collection of filaments and cylinders that determines size, shape, organization of contents and directs movement of substances through the cell.
Name the three components that make up the cytoskeleton in order of size (smallest to largest) and the purpose of each.
- Microfilaments: forms terminal web
- Intermediate fibers: provide support, strength and structure.
- Microtubules: provide movement and carries chromozone
Name the main organelles of a cell and their general function.
- Nucleus: DNA replication (Transcription)
- Smooth ER: Detoxify alcohol
- Rough ER: Houses ribosomes
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (Translation)
- Gogi Complex: Tags the proteins and packages for intra or extracellular use
- Mitochondria: Synthesize ATP
* What proteins carry out the
* A destroyed nucleus effects
Transcription
* Destroyed ribosomes efffect
Translation
* Mitochondria produce _______, which is for _______.
ATP, energy
* What type of cell is good for diffusion?
Simple squamous
* What types of cells are good for secretion and absorption?
Columnar and Cuboidal
- Hypo =
- Hyper =
- Iso =
- less
- more
- equal
* An enzyme is a protein that _______ the activating energy to make a reaction occur _______.
lowers, faster
