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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

* What type of cut is: A

A

Longitudinal section

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2
Q

* What type of cut is: B

A

Cross section

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3
Q

* What type of cut is: C

A

Oblique section

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4
Q

Classes of epithelium

ID: A

A

Simple

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5
Q

Classes of epithelium

ID: B

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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6
Q

Classes of epithelium

ID: C

A

Stratified

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7
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: A

A

Microvilli (brush border)

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8
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: B

A

Connective tissue

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9
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: C

A

Basement membrane

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10
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: D

A

Nuclei

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11
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: E

A

Goblet cell

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12
Q

Basic Components of Epithelium

ID: F

A

Columnar cells

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13
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Aerolar

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14
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Reticular

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15
Q

ID: A

A

Ground Substance

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16
Q

ID: B

A

Elastic fibers

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17
Q

ID: C

A

Collagenous fibers

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18
Q

ID: D

A

Fibroblasts

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19
Q

ID: A

A

Leukocytes

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20
Q

ID: B

A

Reticular fibers

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21
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Dense Irregular Connective

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22
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Dence Regular Connective

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23
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Bone

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24
Q

ID: A

A

Lacunae

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25
Q

ID: B

A

Canaliculi

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26
Q

ID: C

A

Concentric lamellae of osteon

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27
Q

ID: D

A

Central canal

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28
Q

ID: E

A

Osteon

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29
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Neuron

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30
Q

ID: A

A

Nuclei of glial cells

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31
Q

ID: B

A

Axon

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32
Q

ID: C

A

Neurosoma

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33
Q

ID: D

A

Dendrites

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34
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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35
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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36
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Smooth Muscle

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37
Q

ID: A

A

Intercalated discs

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38
Q

ID: B

A

Striations

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39
Q

ID: C

A

Glycogen

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40
Q

ID: A

A

Nuclei

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41
Q

ID: B

A

Striations

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42
Q

ID: C

A

Muscle fiber

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43
Q

ID: A

A

Nuclei

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44
Q

ID: B

A

Muscle cells

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45
Q

What are the four categories of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscular
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46
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
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47
Q

What 4 types of cells can make up a simple epithelial layer?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
  4. Pseudostratified
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48
Q

What 4 types of cells can be found in a stratified epithelial layer?

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
  4. transitional
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49
Q

What is a simple epithelial layer made of?

A

A single layer of cells

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50
Q

What is a stratified epithelial layer made of?

A

Multiple layers of cells

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51
Q

Histology is the study of

A

tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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52
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Loose
  2. Dense
  3. Blood
  4. Cartilige
  5. Bone
  6. Fat
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53
Q

What are the two types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Aereolar
  2. Reticular
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54
Q

Embryonic Tissues

* Name the three primary germ layers, ID which layer each is and its characteristics.

A
  1. Ectoderm: Outer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
  2. Mesoderm: Middle, becomes gelatinous tissue called *mesenchyme - wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix - Gives rise to muscle, bone & blood
  3. Endoderm: Inner, gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive. and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, etc
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55
Q

Define:

Smear

A

A tissue that is rubbed or spread accross the slide

(ex. spinal cord or blood)

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56
Q

Define:

Spread

A

Cobwebby tissue that is laid out on a slide

(ex. areolar tissue)

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57
Q

True or False

Epithelial tissue is avascular.

A

TRUE

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58
Q

True or False

Avascular means the tissue has blood vessels.

A

FALSE

Avascular tissue has NO blood vessels and relies on the layers below for O2 and nutrients.

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59
Q

What are 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. flat sheet of closely adhering cells
  2. one or more cells thick
  3. upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
  4. covers body surface and lines body cavities
  5. forms the external and internal linings of many organs
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60
Q

What are the basic 3 layers of epithelial tissue and what is the basic function of each?

A
  1. epethelia: protection, topical medicines
  2. basement membrane: carry up O2 and nutrients up to the epethelia from the connective tissue
  3. connective tissue: supplies the nutrients and O2, layer that receives medicinal injections
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61
Q

Where do we find dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons

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62
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to Bone

(MtB)

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63
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to Bone

(BtB)

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64
Q

Transcription occurs in the ______ and is responsible for ______ duplication.

A

nucleus, gene (mRNA)

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65
Q

Translation occurs in

A

the ER

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66
Q

A part of the translation process, ribosomes produce

A

proteins

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67
Q

What are the characteristics of transitional tissue and name an organ that uses it.

A
  • stratisfied and stretchy
  • bladder
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68
Q

Goblet cells are

A

simple psuedostratified columnar cells

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69
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

70
Q

* _______ epithelium, found in the _______, is covered with a layter of dead compressed cells.

A

keratinized, epidermis

71
Q

* What is the purpose of keratinized cells?

A

Provide waterproofing and protection from abrasion.

72
Q

Name 3 membranes that are nonkeratinized.

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Esophagus
  3. Vagina
73
Q

* What kind of cells line the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated

74
Q

* What is the difference between cilia and microvilli?

A
  • Cilia serve to move particles/mucus
  • Microvilli serve to increase surface area
75
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

76
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

77
Q

ID: A

A

Microcilli (brush border)

78
Q

ID: B

A

Connective tissue

79
Q

ID: C

A

Basement membrane

80
Q

ID: D

A

Nuclei

81
Q

ID: E

A

Goblet cell

82
Q

ID: F

A

Columnar cells

83
Q

ID: A

A

Lumen

84
Q

ID: B

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

85
Q

ID: C

A

Basement membrane

86
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

87
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

88
Q

ID: A

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

89
Q

ID: B

A

Basement Membrane

90
Q

ID: C

A

Nuclei of smooth muscle

91
Q
  • Blasts =
  • Cytes =
A
  • Immature
  • Mature
92
Q

A cell with it’s nucleus pushed off to one side describes a

A

fat cell

93
Q

* The basal surface faces the

A

basement membrane

94
Q

* The apical surface faces

A

away from the basement membrane

95
Q

Is cartilige vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

96
Q

* Name four places where we will find simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Alveoli (lungs)
  2. Glomeruli (kidneys)
  3. Endothelium (heart and blood vessels)
  4. Serosa (air membranes)
97
Q

* What type of cell allows for rapid diffusion and transport of substances?

A

squamous

98
Q

What is a simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

A single layer of square or round cells

99
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium used for

A

Absorbtion, secretion, mucus production and movement

100
Q

What is the difference between exfoliation and desquamation?

A

Nothing. They both mean removing dead cells.

101
Q

nonkeratinized tissue lacks

A

surface layer of dead cells

102
Q

* _______ epithelium changes from round to flat when stretched.

A

Transitional

103
Q

Name the eight basic functions of connective tissue.

A
  1. Binding of organs
  2. Support
  3. Physical protection
  4. Immune protection
  5. Movement
  6. Storage
  7. Heat production
  8. Transport
104
Q

* White blood cells are also known as…

A

Leukocytes

105
Q

* What are the two types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
106
Q

* What are the three types of Granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Esinophil
  3. Basophil
107
Q

* What are the two types of Agranulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Lymphocytes
108
Q

* A macrophage is a type of

A

monocyte

109
Q

* What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
110
Q

* B cells assist

A
  • plasma to produce antibodies and immunoglobins
  • memory
111
Q

* What are the four types of fibrous connective tissues and where are they found?

A
  1. Areolar, under all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
  2. Reticular, lymph nodes, spleen thymus and bone marrow
  3. Dense regular, tendons and ligaments
  4. Dense irregular, deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs
112
Q

* Adipose tissue is

A

fat tissue

113
Q

* Fat cells are called

A

adipocytes

114
Q

* Fat is the body’s primary

A

energy reservoir

115
Q

The space between adipocytes is occupied by…

A
  • areolar tissue
  • reticular tissue
  • blood capillaries
116
Q

* Give three characteristics of adipose tissue

A
  1. thermal insulation
  2. anchors and cushions organs
  3. contributes to body contour
117
Q

Most adult fat is called

A

white fat

118
Q

Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue found in

A
  • fetuses
  • infants
  • children
119
Q

Describe the nucleus in an adipose tissue cell

A

The nucleus are pressed off to the side

120
Q

In cartilage, chondroblasts create cavities called _______.

A

lacunae

121
Q

Chondrocytes are

A

Cartilage cells in lacunae

122
Q

Perichondrium is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds…

A

elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular)

123
Q

Cartilage heals slowly because it is

A

avascular

124
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibro
  3. Elastic
125
Q

Where are some places where hyaline cartilage is found?

A
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • fetal skeleton
126
Q

What are some functions of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • ease joint movement
  • hold airway open
  • moves vocal chords
127
Q

Where would we find elastic cartilage?

A
  • outer ear
  • epiglottis
128
Q

True or False

Fibrocartilage never has a perchondrium.

A

TRUE

129
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage and where can it be found?

A
  • To resist compression and absorb shock.
  • It can be found in the intervertabral discs and pubic symphysis
130
Q

Bone is an ______ of the body as well as a _______.

A

organ, tissue

131
Q

What are the two forms of osseous (bone) tissue?

A
  1. Spongy (porous interior inner)
  2. Compact bone (denser outer layer)
132
Q

The Osteon is the

A

central canal and its surrounding lamellae

133
Q

Osteocytes are

A

mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae

134
Q

Canaliculi are

A

Delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna to allow osteocytes to contact each other

135
Q

The Periosteum is

A

the tough fibrous connective tissue covering the bone as a whole

136
Q

Blood is made of

A
  • Plasma and formed elements
137
Q

Plasma is

A

the bloods liquid ground substance

138
Q

What are the three formed elements of blood?

State the function of each.

A
  1. Erythrocytes - red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  2. Leukocytes - white blood cells that defend against infection and other diseases
  3. Platelets - celll fragments invloved in clotting
139
Q

What are the two excitable tissues of the body?

A

Nervous and muscular

140
Q

Nerve changes result in

A

rapid transmission of signals to other cells

141
Q

Muscle changes result in

A

contraction, shortening of the cell

142
Q

Nervous tissue is specialized for communication by

A

electrical and chemical signals

143
Q

Nervous tissue consts of what type of cells?

A

neurons

144
Q

Neuroglia are also known as

A

glial cells

145
Q

Neuroglia ______ and _______ neurons and act as _______ of the nervous system.

A

protect, assist, housekeepers

146
Q

What are the 3 parts of the neuron?

A
  1. Nerosoma (cell body)
  2. Dendrites (branches)
  3. Axon (nerve fiber)
147
Q

Function of Neurosoma

A
  • House nucleus and other organelles
  • cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis
148
Q

Function of Dendrites

A
  • receive signals from other cells
  • transmit messages to neurosoma
149
Q

Function of Axon

A
  • Send outgoing signals to other cells
150
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. smooth
  2. cardiac
  3. skeletal
151
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
152
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • one centrally located nucleus
  • intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
  • striated
  • Involuntary (no conscious control)
153
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • lack striations
  • Involuntary (no conscious control)
  • One centrally located nucleus
  • Visceral muscle found in digestive, respiratory and urinary tract
  • Propels contents through an organ
  • regulates diameter of blood vessels
154
Q

Cell junctions are

A

connections between one cell and another

155
Q

A tight junction is

A

a region in which adjacent cells are bound by fusion of their membranes

(tight velcro type, no space between)

156
Q

Desmosomes are junctions that

A

holds cells together like a clothing snap

slight space between cells

157
Q

Function of hemidsmosomes

A

to anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane

158
Q

Gap junctions characteristics

A
  • 6 points of contact through transmembrane proteins (like pores)
  • very good at sending messages
159
Q

A gland is a

A

cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.

160
Q

Secretion is a

A

product useful to the body

161
Q

Excretion is a

A

waste product

162
Q

Hormones are

A

chemical messengers

163
Q

Hormones are released directly…

A

into the blood stream.

164
Q

Exocrine gland characteristics

A
  • mainteain contact with body surface via duct
  • sweat, mammary, tear
165
Q

Endocrine gland characteristics

A
  • have no ducts or surface contact
  • used for secretion of hormones
166
Q

What are the four types of secretions?

A
  1. serous: milk, tears digestive juices
  2. mucous: mucus, goblet cells
  3. mixed: contain both cerous and mucus secretions
  4. cytogenic: sperm/egg from testes/ovaries
167
Q

Membranes line

A
  • body cavities and cover their viscera
168
Q

cutaneous membrane is

A

the skin

169
Q

Mucous membrane lines

A

passages that open to the external environment

170
Q

Serous membrane (serosa) cover

A

internal organs and cavities

171
Q

Synovial membrane lines

A

joint cavities

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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