Ch 1 Flashcards
Anatomy is the study of…
Form
Physiology is the study of…
Function
Name 4 ways to examine the structure of the human body and briefly describe each.
- Inspection. Looking at the body’s surface appearance.
- Palpation. Feeling a structure with the hands
- Ausculation. Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lungs.
- Percussion. Tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listen to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid, air, or scar tissue.
What is dissection?
Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
What is comparative anatomy?
The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.
What is exploratory surgery?
Opening the body to take a look inside for potential issues.
What is medical imaging?
Viewing the inside of teh body without surgery
What is gross anatomy?
STudy of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
What is cytology?
The study of the structure and function of cells.
What is histology?
Also known as “microscopic anatomy”, it is the examination of cells with a microscope
What is ultrastructure
Viewing molecular detail under an electron microscope
What is histopathology?
Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.
Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt 3000 years ago used what methods of treatment?
- Herbal drugs
- Salts
- Physical therapy
Where was Hippocrates from?
Greece
What 3 main things are attributed to Hippocrates?
- Known as the “father of medicine”
- Established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
- Urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods or demons
What is Aristotle known for?
- One of the first philosphers to write about anatomy and physiology
- Believing that diseases had either supernatural or physical causes, he called supernatural causes “theologi” and natural causes “physiologi”. This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology
- Believed taht complex structures are built from simpler parts
What is Andreas Vesalius known for?
- Considered the “Father of Anatomy”
- Performed his own dissections
- Published first atlas of anatomy “On the Sturcture of the Human Body) in 1543
What is Robert Hooke known for?
- Made improvements to the compound microscope
- Invented specimen stage, illuminator, course ahd fine focus controls
- First to see and name “cells”
- Published first comprehensive book of microscopy in 1665
What is Antony van Leeuwenhoek known for?
- Invented simple single lense microscope to look at fabrics. (200x)
- Published observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings
What did Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe do?
- Greatly improved compound microscopes
- Added condenser and super optics, elinating blurry edges and rainbowlike distortions
Atoms combine to form
molecules
Molecules combine to create
Organelles
Organelles combine to make
Cells
Cells combine to form
Tissues
Tissues combine to form
Organs
Organs are combined to form
Organ Systems
Organ Systems combine to form
An organism
An Organism is made of
Organ Systems
Organ Systems are made of
Organs
Orgas are made of
Tissues
Tissues are made of
Cells
Cells are made of
Organelles
Organelles are made of
Molecules
Molecules are made of
Atoms
Define:
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system like the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
Define:
Holism
There are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from properties of its separate parts.
The idea that humans are more than the sum of their parts refers to
Holism
What does anatomical variation refer to?
Give some examples
- Variations in anatomy compared to the common structure 70% of humans manifest.
- Missing muscles, extra vertebrae
- Variation in organ locations
What is Situs Solitus?
The typical location of internal organs
What is Situs Inversus?
The organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left
What is Dextrocardia?
The right-left reversal of the location of the heart
What is Situs Perversus?
Give an example.
- A single organ occupies an atypical position
- A kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
Briefly explain each.
CHROME DR
- Cellular composition: living matter is always one or more cells
- Homeostasis: maintainng stable internal conditions
- Responsiveness and movement: sense and react to stimuli
- Organization: living things exhibit a high level of organization
- Metabolism: sum of all internal chemival change
- Evolution: mutations/changes in genetic structure
- Development: Differentiation and growth
- Reproduction: Producing copies of themselves/passing genes to offspring
Sex, age, diet, weight and physical activity result in
physical variation
Failure to consider variation can lead to what type of things?
- Overmedication of elderly
- Medicaating women on the basis of research done on men.
Define:
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it and maintain a relatively stable internal condition
What are 2 contributions of Claude Bernard?
- Internal conditions are constant regardless of external conditions
- Internal body temprature ranges from 97° - 99° F
What three items are attributed to Walter Cannon?
- Coined the term “homeostasis”
- State of the body fluctuates within a limited range around a set point
- Negative feedback keeps variable close to setpoint
Loss of homeostatic control causes
Illness or death.
Define:
Negative Feedback
A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
What system in a home or building is an example of negative feedback?
The thermostate on an HVAC system
What are the 3 components to negative feedback?
Briefly explain each.
- Receptor: sense change in the body
- Integrating center: processes sensory information and directs response
- Effector: carries out the final corrective action
Positive Feedback is a
self-amplifying cycle
Positive Feedback results in
greater change in the same direction
Give 7 examples of beneficial positive feedback
- Childbirth
- Blood clotting
- Protein digestion
- Fever
- Sexual orgasm
- Generation of nerve signals
What is a negative example of positive feedback? Why?
A fever greater than 104°.
- Metablic rate increases
- Body produces heat even faster
- Body temperature continues to rise, further increasing metablic rate
- Cycle continues to reinforce itself if not mitigated
- Becomes fatal at 113° F
All structure and function result from the activity of cells.
Describes…
Cell Theory
The purpose of most normal physilolgy is to maintain stable conditions within the body.
Describes…
Homeostasis
The current form and physiology of the human body is a result of…
Evolution
Hierarchy of Structure describes how the human form can be viewed as
A series of levels of complexity
What are 4 types of Medical Imaging?
- Radiography (X-Ray)
- Computed tomography (CT Scan)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Sonography (Ultrasound)
What are the two most use medical imaging techniques?
X-ray & Ultrasound
(Radiography and Sonography)
What is the most cost effective and mobile form of medical imaging?
Ultrasound
Which results in a superior slice image, CT or MRI?
MRI
Regarding anatomical vairation, what percentage of humans share a common structure?
70%
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
- Organization
- Cellular composition
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness and movement
- Homeostasis
- Development
- Reproduction
- Evolution
Regarding the human body, define homeostasis.
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
Loss of homeostatic control causes
illness or death
Regarding homeostasis, what does a recepter do?
senses change in the body
Regarding homeostasis, what does the intergrating (control) center do?
preocesses sensory information, makes a decistion and directs the response
Regarding homeostasis, what is the effector?
carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
* What are the levels of an organism from largest to smallest?
- Organism
- Organ Systems
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Organelles
- Macromolecules
- Molecule
- Atom
* What are the levels of an organism from smallest to largest?
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
* Different cells combining to perform the same function are
Tissues
* Different cells coming together to perform different functions are
nothing
* similar cells coming together to perform different functions are
nothing
* Different tissues that perform the same function are
an organ
*Give two examples of positive feedback
- Childbirth
- A fever over 104° F
* Negative feedback tells a reaction to
stop
* Negative feedback is the body’s way to maintain
homeostasis
What is an example of negative feedback?
The regulation of body temperature
* Maintaining a narrow range of internal control describes the purpose of…
homeostasis
* The basic unit of life is…
the cell
