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z_A&P I: BIO425 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is the study of…

A

Form

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2
Q

Physiology is the study of…

A

Function

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3
Q

Name 4 ways to examine the structure of the human body and briefly describe each.

A
  1. Inspection. Looking at the body’s surface appearance.
  2. Palpation. Feeling a structure with the hands
  3. Ausculation. Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lungs.
  4. Percussion. Tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listen to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid, air, or scar tissue.
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4
Q

What is dissection?

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships

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5
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.

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6
Q

What is exploratory surgery?

A

Opening the body to take a look inside for potential issues.

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7
Q

What is medical imaging?

A

Viewing the inside of teh body without surgery

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8
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

STudy of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.

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9
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the structure and function of cells.

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10
Q

What is histology?

A

Also known as “microscopic anatomy”, it is the examination of cells with a microscope

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11
Q

What is ultrastructure

A

Viewing molecular detail under an electron microscope

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12
Q

What is histopathology?

A

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.

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13
Q

Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt 3000 years ago used what methods of treatment?

A
  • Herbal drugs
  • Salts
  • Physical therapy
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14
Q

Where was Hippocrates from?

A

Greece

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15
Q

What 3 main things are attributed to Hippocrates?

A
  1. Known as the “father of medicine”
  2. Established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
  3. Urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods or demons
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16
Q

What is Aristotle known for?

A
  • One of the first philosphers to write about anatomy and physiology
  • Believing that diseases had either supernatural or physical causes, he called supernatural causes “theologi” and natural causes “physiologi”. This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology
  • Believed taht complex structures are built from simpler parts
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17
Q

What is Andreas Vesalius known for?

A
  • Considered the “Father of Anatomy”
  • Performed his own dissections
  • Published first atlas of anatomy “On the Sturcture of the Human Body) in 1543
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18
Q

What is Robert Hooke known for?

A
  • Made improvements to the compound microscope
  • Invented specimen stage, illuminator, course ahd fine focus controls
  • First to see and name “cells”
  • Published first comprehensive book of microscopy in 1665
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19
Q

What is Antony van Leeuwenhoek known for?

A
  • Invented simple single lense microscope to look at fabrics. (200x)
  • Published observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings
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20
Q

What did Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe do?

A
  • Greatly improved compound microscopes
  • Added condenser and super optics, elinating blurry edges and rainbowlike distortions
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21
Q

Atoms combine to form

A

molecules

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22
Q

Molecules combine to create

A

Organelles

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23
Q

Organelles combine to make

A

Cells

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24
Q

Cells combine to form

A

Tissues

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25
Q

Tissues combine to form

A

Organs

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26
Q

Organs are combined to form

A

Organ Systems

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27
Q

Organ Systems combine to form

A

An organism

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28
Q

An Organism is made of

A

Organ Systems

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29
Q

Organ Systems are made of

A

Organs

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30
Q

Orgas are made of

A

Tissues

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31
Q

Tissues are made of

A

Cells

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32
Q

Cells are made of

A

Organelles

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33
Q

Organelles are made of

A

Molecules

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34
Q

Molecules are made of

A

Atoms

35
Q

Define:

Reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system like the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

36
Q

Define:

Holism

A

There are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from properties of its separate parts.

37
Q

The idea that humans are more than the sum of their parts refers to

A

Holism

38
Q

What does anatomical variation refer to?

Give some examples

A
  • Variations in anatomy compared to the common structure 70% of humans manifest.
  • Missing muscles, extra vertebrae
  • Variation in organ locations
39
Q

What is Situs Solitus?

A

The typical location of internal organs

40
Q

What is Situs Inversus?

A

The organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left

41
Q

What is Dextrocardia?

A

The right-left reversal of the location of the heart

42
Q

What is Situs Perversus?

Give an example.

A
  • A single organ occupies an atypical position
  • A kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.
43
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

Briefly explain each.

A

CHROME DR

  • Cellular composition: living matter is always one or more cells
  • Homeostasis: maintainng stable internal conditions
  • Responsiveness and movement: sense and react to stimuli
  • Organization: living things exhibit a high level of organization
  • Metabolism: sum of all internal chemival change
  • Evolution: mutations/changes in genetic structure
  • Development: Differentiation and growth
  • Reproduction: Producing copies of themselves/passing genes to offspring
44
Q

Sex, age, diet, weight and physical activity result in

A

physical variation

45
Q

Failure to consider variation can lead to what type of things?

A
  • Overmedication of elderly
  • Medicaating women on the basis of research done on men.
46
Q

Define:

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it and maintain a relatively stable internal condition

47
Q

What are 2 contributions of Claude Bernard?

A
  1. Internal conditions are constant regardless of external conditions
  2. Internal body temprature ranges from 97° - 99° F
48
Q

What three items are attributed to Walter Cannon?

A
  1. Coined the term “homeostasis”
  2. State of the body fluctuates within a limited range around a set point
  3. Negative feedback keeps variable close to setpoint
49
Q

Loss of homeostatic control causes

A

Illness or death.

50
Q

Define:

Negative Feedback

A

A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.

51
Q

What system in a home or building is an example of negative feedback?

A

The thermostate on an HVAC system

52
Q

What are the 3 components to negative feedback?

Briefly explain each.

A
  • Receptor: sense change in the body
  • Integrating center: processes sensory information and directs response
  • Effector: carries out the final corrective action
53
Q

Positive Feedback is a

A

self-amplifying cycle

54
Q

Positive Feedback results in

A

greater change in the same direction

55
Q

Give 7 examples of beneficial positive feedback

A
  1. Childbirth
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Protein digestion
  4. Fever
  5. Sexual orgasm
  6. Generation of nerve signals
56
Q

What is a negative example of positive feedback? Why?

A

A fever greater than 104°.

  • Metablic rate increases
  • Body produces heat even faster
  • Body temperature continues to rise, further increasing metablic rate
  • Cycle continues to reinforce itself if not mitigated
  • Becomes fatal at 113° F
57
Q

All structure and function result from the activity of cells.

Describes…

A

Cell Theory

58
Q

The purpose of most normal physilolgy is to maintain stable conditions within the body.

Describes…

A

Homeostasis

59
Q

The current form and physiology of the human body is a result of…

A

Evolution

60
Q

Hierarchy of Structure describes how the human form can be viewed as

A

A series of levels of complexity

61
Q

What are 4 types of Medical Imaging?

A
  1. Radiography (X-Ray)
  2. Computed tomography (CT Scan)
  3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  4. Sonography (Ultrasound)
62
Q

What are the two most use medical imaging techniques?

A

X-ray & Ultrasound

(Radiography and Sonography)

63
Q

What is the most cost effective and mobile form of medical imaging?

A

Ultrasound

64
Q

Which results in a superior slice image, CT or MRI?

A

MRI

65
Q

Regarding anatomical vairation, what percentage of humans share a common structure?

A

70%

66
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Cellular composition
  3. Metabolism
  4. Responsiveness and movement
  5. Homeostasis
  6. Development
  7. Reproduction
  8. Evolution
67
Q

Regarding the human body, define homeostasis.

A

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

68
Q

Loss of homeostatic control causes

A

illness or death

69
Q

Regarding homeostasis, what does a recepter do?

A

senses change in the body

70
Q

Regarding homeostasis, what does the intergrating (control) center do?

A

preocesses sensory information, makes a decistion and directs the response

71
Q

Regarding homeostasis, what is the effector?

A

carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

72
Q

* What are the levels of an organism from largest to smallest?

A
  1. Organism
  2. Organ Systems
  3. Organs
  4. Tissues
  5. Cells
  6. Organelles
  7. Macromolecules
  8. Molecule
  9. Atom
73
Q

* What are the levels of an organism from smallest to largest?

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Macromolecule
  4. Organelle
  5. Cell
  6. Tissue
  7. Organ
  8. Organ system
  9. Organism
74
Q

* Different cells combining to perform the same function are

A

Tissues

75
Q

* Different cells coming together to perform different functions are

A

nothing

76
Q

* similar cells coming together to perform different functions are

A

nothing

77
Q

* Different tissues that perform the same function are

A

an organ

78
Q

*Give two examples of positive feedback

A
  1. Childbirth
  2. A fever over 104° F
79
Q

* Negative feedback tells a reaction to

A

stop

80
Q

* Negative feedback is the body’s way to maintain

A

homeostasis

81
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

The regulation of body temperature

82
Q

* Maintaining a narrow range of internal control describes the purpose of…

A

homeostasis

83
Q

* The basic unit of life is…

A

the cell

z_A&P I: BIO425 (17 decks)

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