L35. Female reproductive 1 Flashcards
What are the external female genitalia
- vestibule
- labia Majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
What are the internal female reproductive organs
- ovaries
- oviduct
- uterus
- vagina
What does the female reproductive system consists of ?
Internal reproductive organs
External genitalia
Mammary glands
When do the organs in the female reproductive system become functional and non functional respectively ?
Menarche and menopause
What controls the development and function of the female reproductive system?
Anterior pituitary gland
Describe the ovaries
- paired organs located behind the pelvis
- 3cm long and 2 cm wide
- suspended by the mesovarium
Describe the mesovarium
- folds of the peritoneum that line the abdominal cavity
- contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels and nerves
- covered by simple squamous epithelium
State from outside to inside the ovarian histology
- germinal epithelium
- tunica albuginea
- cortex
- medulla
Describe the germinal epithelium
- simple squamous epithelium
- continuous with the peritoneal mesothelium
- wounded during ovulation
- can be trapped within the connective tissue stroma of the ovary to form cyst
Describe the tunica albuginea
Dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium. The stroma.
Describe the cortex in the ovary
- loose connective tissues
- follicular and follicle development
- corpus luteum formation and degradation
Describe the mesoderm of the ovary
- Loose connective tissue
- highly vascular
When is the follicular phase in the mistrial cycle
Day 1-14
During the beginning of the menstrual cycle how many primordial follicles start and actually develop
20-50 primordial follicles develop in both ovaries but only one of this primordial follicles develop into a graffian follicle prior to ovulation
Describe the primordial follicle
- 400000 present at menarche
- oocyte completes meiosis only after fertilization
- surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium of follicular cells
- at the beginning of each ovarian cycle there are 20-50 primordial follicles that will develop into the primary follicle
- differentiation is driven by the para crime factors in the ovary.
Describe the primary follicle
- oocyte increases in size. Secretes the glycoproteins that forms the zona pellucida
- ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida acts as s ligand that binds to receptors in the spe m head after capacitation of the spermatozoa in the uterus or oviduct
- surrounding follicle cells become cubodial and multilayer
What are granulosa cells
They are cells surrounding follicular cells that become cubodial and multi-layer. produce aromayase which converts androsterone ( seceted by the theca interna) to estrogren
What is the theca interna
component of the primary follicle, surrounding cells ensheath the follicle and is involved in estrogen production, it is well vascularized
- (theca interna) become steriodogenic; they synthesize and secrete small amounts of progesterone and androstenedione;
What are the components of the primary follicle
- oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa cells
- theca interna
- theca externa
What are the components in the primordial follicle
- oocyte
2. squamous follicular cells
What is the theca externa
It is a component in the primary follicule. an outer layer of stromal cells condense around the theca interna which is the theca externa
- they are modified fibroblast that lay down teh ECM and are slightly contractile
Describe the components f the secondary follicle
- oocyte
- granulosa cells
- zona pellucida
- antrum (fluid filled with chamber)
- theca interna
What happens in the secondary follicle
- FSH from the anterior pituitary drives differentiation of the granulosa cells
- liquid starts to pool between grnulosa cells (liquid folliculi) this generates spaces between granulosa cells =antra
- liquor folliculi contains plasma exudate as well as proteoglycans, GAGs, locally acting paracrine factors and estrogen – all of which is secreted by the granulosa cells
What are the components of the graafian follicle
- oocyte
- granulosa cells
- zona pellucida
- theca interna
- antrum
- corona radiate
Describe the Graafian follicle
- follicule increases in size
- all the antra come together to form a large antrum
- oocyte is pushed to a side and surrounded by a thin layer of granulosa cells = corona radiata
- high estrogen level causes negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to decrease FSH production.
- Graafian follicle also produces inhibin which feeds back negatively -> the lagging secondary follicles degenerate and become fibrotic : atretic follicles
- LH secretions by the anterior pituitary surges
Describe what happens during ovulation
- LH surge increases blood flow to the ovaries
- histamine/prostagladin is produced by the theca interna endothelial cells
- capillaries in the theca interna leak plasma resulting in swelling/edema
- collagenous and plasminogen activator produced by the theca exterana stormal cells leads to ECM digestion between the Graafian follicle and the tunica albuginea
- theca externa cells contract, pressure present between the granulosa cell layer and ruptured germinal epithelium
- the oocyte, corona radiata and liquor folliculi are expelled into the pelvic cavity
- oocyte enters oviduct through fimbrae
What is an ectopic pregnancy
if the oocyte remains in the abdominopelvic cavity and is fertilized there , it may implant and develop
What happens in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
-cells from the theca interna, granulosa cells from the Graafian cycle respond to the increase in LH and a secondary increase in FSH to differentiate into the granulosa lutein and theca lutien within the highly vascularized corpus luteum
What is the corpus luteum
- compose of the theca lutein and inner Granulosa lutein
- theca lutein: produces small amounts of progesterone and large amount of androsterndione
- inner Granulosa lutein: converts the androsterndione to large amounts of estrogen and progesterone made de novo
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur
- high steroid production from the inner Granulosa lutein and theca lutein feedback negatively to decrease LH and FSH production.
- no pregnancy: degradation of the cropus luteum and becomes collagenous in the last few days of the luteal cycle = corpus albicans
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs
placenta would produce the hcG which maintains the corpus luteum through the first trimester until it produces its own steroids
Where does the female reproductive tract open to
vestibule with urethra surrounded by the vulva
What is the vestibule
- stratified squamous
- many small glands in the lamina propria
- serous,mucous and prostate like secretions that are stimulated upon sexual arousal
What is the vulva
folds of skin surrounding the vestibule, sebacous glands, mahora lateral and minora medial
What is the clitoris?
contains 2 corpora of erectile tissue at enterior most aspect of the ventricle ;
highly innervated with Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles for sensory based arousal
