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CAPS 390 > L24. Endocrine System 2 > Flashcards

L24. Endocrine System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the pituitary gland at 4 weeks after fertilization

A

the oral ectoderm starts to collapse

the neural ectoderm invaginates and descends towards the oral ectoderm

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2
Q

What happens to the pituitary gland at 5 weeks after fertilization

A

The neural ectoderm that starts to descend forms the neurohypophyseal pouch
The oral ectoderm forms the Rathke’s pouch

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3
Q

Identify the Neurohypophyseal bud, oral ectoderm and Rathe’s pouch on pg 6 of L 24

A

pg 6 lecture 24

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4
Q

Describe what happens to the pituitary gland at 8 weeks after fertilization

A

The neurohypophyseal bud from the neural ectoderm forms the pituitary stalk
the oral ectoderm forms the Rathke’s pouch which then ‘breaks off’ from the oral ectoderm, the remnants form a regressing hypophyseal stalk

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5
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary derive from?

A

It is derived from the oral ectoderm

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6
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary derive from ?

A

Posterior Pituitary is derived from the neural ectoderm

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7
Q

What is the sella turcica

A

orchestration of different materials ( nervous tissue, blood supply, bone, non-nervous tissue)
Sella turcica is the bone that supports the pituitary gland

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8
Q

What is the pituitary stalk interruption syndrome?

A

truncated or absent pituitary stalk ( derived from the oral ectoderm) which implies that hormone concentration associated with the anterior pituitary decreases.
- growth failure and pituitary hormone deficiencies

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9
Q

What is the pars distalis ? Where does it develop from? What does it contain

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary
derived from the oral ectoderm
contains non-nervous tissue

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10
Q

What is the pas nervosa? Where does it develop from? What does it contain

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary
derived from the neural ectoderm
contains nervous tissue

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11
Q

How can HE be used to categorize cells

A

Can differentiate between hormone secreting and non-hormone secreting cells
marks cells that have secretory granules

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12
Q

Why do endocrine cells have secretory granules?

A

needed for hormone storage and release

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13
Q

Draw the anterior pituitary components ( pg 10 L 24)

A

pg 10 b L 24

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14
Q

What predominates in the anterior pituitary

A

cell bodies

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15
Q

What are chromophobic cells and what are their characteristics?

A

stain lightly in HE
no secretory granules
could be immature secretory cells
have a supportive function

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16
Q

What are chromophlic cells, what are their characteristics

A

stain intensely in HE
contains secretory granules
acidophilic ( means they attract acidic dyes stain red but are basic themselves)
basophilic ( means they attract basic dyes will appear blue and are acidic themselves)

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17
Q

What are gonadotropes

A

One of the unique cell type in the anterior pituitary gland

  • ruled by GnRH
  • makes FSH and LH
  • chromophilic
  • contains secretory granules
18
Q

What are folliculostellate?

A
  • support cells of gonadotropes
  • have a paracrine function
  • no secretory granules ( stains lightly: chromophobic)
19
Q

What are the limitations in HE staining?

A

cannot reflect cell phenotype or cell identity

20
Q

What is the product of somatotropes , acidophilic or basophilic

A

GH , acidophilic

21
Q

What is the product of lactotrope, acidophilic or basophilic

A

prolactin , acidophilic

22
Q

What is the product of thyrotropes, acidophilic or basophilic

A

TSH , basophilic

23
Q

What is the product of corticotropes, acidophilic or basophilic

A

ACTH, basophilic

24
Q

What is the product of gonadortropes, acidophilic or basophilic

A

FSH, TH , basophilic

25
Q

Draw the posterior pituitary components ( pg 14b L 24)

A

pg 14b L 24

26
Q

Describe the components in the posterior pituitary

A
  • nerve terminals
    • swellings and Herring bodies ( contains hormones) , packed with secretory granules
  • pituicytes
    • provides physical and nutritive support
    • cell body and nucleus present
    • neuroglial in nature
27
Q

Describe the components in the anterior pituitary

A
  • predominently filled with cell bodies
  • has chromophils
  • has chromophobs
28
Q

Which of anterior / posterior sections would look like there are more cells

A

anterior portion

29
Q

What is the function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary

A

-secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormones which changes the skin colour

30
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by the thyroid gland

A
  • thyroid hormone

- calcitonin

31
Q

What is the pathway for thyroid hormone production

A
  • hypothalamus cells secrete the 1 hormone ( Thyroid releasing hormone in the paraventricular neuron)
  • the neuron travels down the hypophyseal artery and the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone ) is secreted in teh anterior pituitary gland which enters the hypophyseal vein
  • the follicular cells in the thyroid upon receiving 2 hormone (TSH) releases the thyroid horone
32
Q

What is the pathway for calcitonin hormone secretion

A
  • elevated Ca2+ level in blood

- stimulates parafollicular cells to secrete calcitonin

33
Q

Describe the relation between the follicular cell and paracfollicular cell

A
  • act as separate units*
  • follicular unit: contains follicular cell and synthesizes TH , responds to TSH from anterior pituitary
  • parafollicular unit: contains chromophilic, synthesizes calcitonin, responds to changes in blood calcium
34
Q

Describe calcitonin

A
  • made by parafollicular cells
  • 32 amino acid , linear polypeptide
  • release is stimulated by increase in circulating Ca2+ levels
  • inhibits Ca2+ action ( osteoclasts inhibited?)
35
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the parathyroid gland

A
  1. chief cells

2. oxyphil cells

36
Q

Describe the chief cells in the parathyroid gland

A
  • dense cytoplasm
  • has secretory granules, chromophilic
  • secretes parathyroid hormones
37
Q

Describe the oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland

A
  • could be inactive chief cells
  • clear cytoplasm
  • chromophobic
38
Q

Describe the parathyroid hormones

A
  • 84 amino acid polypeptide
  • secretion is stimulated by decreases in the blood calcium levels
  • enhances Ca2+ release in the bone, absorption in intestines and reabsorption in the kidneys
39
Q

Describe the parathyroid gland

A
  • 4 glands within the posterior part of the thyroid
  • regulation is independent of the thyroid
  • chief cells regulate PTH secretion
40
Q

Describe the role of parathyroid and calcitonin in calcium homeostasis

A
  • PTH increases the calcium levels

- calcitonin decreases the level of calcium

CAPS 390 (35 decks)

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