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CAPS 390 > L14. Nerves Part II > Flashcards

L14. Nerves Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

it is a group or cluster of nerve cell bodies :
-nucleus ( CNS)
-ganglion (PNS)
synapses are present in both

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2
Q

What is an autonomic ganglion

A

A cluster of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites, the synapse/junction is between the spinal cord and the autonomic innervation of the target organ

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3
Q

Sketch a diagram showing stomach (autonomic innervation)

A

L12 pg 2b

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4
Q

What is the function of the neurofilaments?

A

provide structural backbone for dendrites and axons

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5
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the nervous system?

A

Transport mitochondria and neurotransmitter containing vesicles

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6
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER in the nerve cell

A
  1. extends from the soma to the axon terminal
  2. occassionally associates with the axon or vesicular membranes
  3. SER contains molecules and building blocks for membrane assembly
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7
Q

Describe the process for synaptic transmission

A
  1. vesicles are transported down the axon
  2. vesicle is loaded
  3. depolarization occurs
  4. exocytosis
  5. binding of the NT to the ligand
  6. depolarization occurs at the post synaptic vesicle
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8
Q

Draw the synaptic transmission from the pre-synaptic cell to the post synaptic cell

A

(pg 5a)

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9
Q

Name what are the structures present in the cell body

A

nucleus, RER, mitochondria, golgi

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10
Q

Name what are the structures present in the axon

A

mitochondria,SER, microtubules and neurofilaments

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11
Q

Name what are the structures present in the terminal of the nerve cell

A

synaptic vesicles and mitochondria

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12
Q

What do additional cell types do for the nerve cells?

A

maintain the internal environment ( homeostasis)

contribute or assist in the process of neurotransmission

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13
Q

What are the types of glial cells that maintain homeostasis

A
  1. Schwann cell and oligodendrites
  2. astrocytes and microglia
  3. ependymal cell
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14
Q

What is a neuron

A

It is the basic unit of transmission in the CNS

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15
Q

What are the functions of glia cells

A
  1. non-conducting
  2. enhance neuro-transmission
  3. biochemical (speed up impulses)
  4. structural support (physical support)
  5. nutritive (growth and maintenance)
  6. immune (clear debris, scavenge toxins)
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16
Q

Draw how the action potential relates with sodium and potassium channels

A

pg 8b

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17
Q

What forms the myelin sheath

A

glial cells that wrap around the axon

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18
Q

What is the advantage of having the myelin sheath

A

Myelination speeds up nerve impulses through having nodes of Ranvier ( promotes saltatory conduction)

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19
Q

Compare the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated neurons

A 
myelinated neurons:
- faster impulse velocity
-less leaky (efficient conduction)
- less energy consumption
unmyelinated neurons:
-leak Na+
-slower impulse conduction
-channels are open along the entire length
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20
Q

Under what circumstances do we need heavy myelination?

A
  • high impulse velocity
  • motor (conscious reactions)
  • sensory ( acute pain)
21
Q

Under what circumstances do we need moderate to un-myelinated neurons?

A
  • need slower impulse velocity
  • motor (unconscious targets: autonomic)
  • sensory (chronic pain)
22
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A
  1. occur in the PNS
  2. wrap around axons to form myelin sheath
  3. 1 Schwann cell per 1-2mm segment of 1 axon
  4. forms discontinuous nodes of ranvier
23
Q

Draw how a myelinated schwann cell looks like

A

pg 11b

24
Q

Draw how a unmyelinated schwann cell looks like

A

pg 12a

25
Q

Describe how the un-myelinated axon looks like

A
  1. axon is not completely swallowed by schwann cells

2. axons communicate with the EC space

26
Q

What are oligodendrocytes (OL)

A
  1. same function as schwan cells
  2. increases the impulse velocity
  3. capable of contracting greater than 60 nerve axons
27
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes

A
  1. contact blood vessels and regulate blood flow

2. scavenge ions to nutrify neurons

28
Q

What is the difference between protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes ( draw difference)

A
  1. protoplasmic occurs in grey matter

2. fibrous astrocytes occurs in white matter

29
Q

What is GFAP?

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein- it is a protein found in the cytoskeleton of glial cells that can be stained by antibodies

30
Q

What is the function of microglial?

A
  1. patrol brain and shield it from injury
  2. continually extend and retract their processes
  3. stimulated by the release of chemo-attractants
  4. processes move towards site of injury
31
Q

cell types in the CNS are… name their functions

A
  • oligiodendrocytes: myelination
  • fibrous astrocytes+protoplasmic astrocytes: BBB to repair and nutrify
  • microglial: immune scavengers
  • ependymal cells: BBB/CSF production
32
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings in the PNS?

A
  1. epinerurium
  2. perineurium
  3. endoneurium
33
Q

Draw the connective tissue coverings with Schwann cell and single nerve axon identified

A

pg 16a

34
Q

What causes meninges?

A
  • inflammation of coverings in brain and spinal cord

- curable

35
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings in the CNS ( which is closest to the skull, which is closest to the brain)?

A
  1. dura mater (closest to skull)
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater (closest to brain)
36
Q

Draw the coverings

A

pg 17a

37
Q

How is brain homeostasis achieved?

A
  1. capillary endothelium
    - tight lining of blood vessels
    - maintains BBB
  2. ependymal cells
    - continuous lining of the brain
    - synthesize,secrete, excrete CSF
    - maintain blood-CSF-brain barrier
38
Q

What is the difference between capillary endothelium in neural and non-neural capillaries?

A
  1. neural capillaries have a lot more tight junctions, non-neural capillaries have lots more pores
  2. neural capillaires restricts large molecules,non-neural capillaries are thinner and less restrictive
39
Q

What are the characteristics of capillary endothelium in neural environments?

A
  1. many large Blood borne molecules do not cross the CNS
  2. still penetrable through:
    - astrocytes contact with blood vessels
    - lipid soluble substances free to pass (eg.alcohol)
    - water soluble substances can gain access via membrane bound pumps to produce CSF
40
Q

What is the function of the ventricular system in the brain?

A
  • has 4 cavities
  • spans entire CNS
  • circulates CSF at 14-36mls/hr
  • contains NT, waste materials and nutrients
41
Q

What is the function of choroid plexus?

A
  • acts as a barrier
  • actively transports small molecules
  • synthesizes and secrete CSF
  • simple cubodial epithelium
42
Q

What is the function of the arachnoid vili?

A
  • allows CSF to exit the brain and enter the venous system
  • protrude into venous cavities
  • pierce through dura mater ( 1st CT layer around CNS closest to skull )
43
Q

Label CSF circulation diagram (arachnoid vili,choroid plexus etc)

A

pg 22b

44
Q

What is white matter?

A

collection of myelinated axons

tracts in spinal cord and brain

45
Q

What is grey matter?

A

collection of nerve cell bodies
horns (spinal cord)
cortex in brain

46
Q

Where is the grey and white matter located in brain

A

white: within head
grey: outside head
(vice versa for spinal cord)

47
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  1. primary destructve loss of central myelin
  2. death within months -years of onset
  3. incidence ~50/100000
  4. disease rate follows geographic gradient
48
Q

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

A
  • loss of motor cells and muscle atrophy
  • death within2-6 years
  • 3-7/100000
  • loss of myelin

CAPS 390 (35 decks)

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