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PODB > L16 > Flashcards

L16 Flashcards

1
Q

what levels is expression regulated at? (3)

A

transcriptional
post transcriptional
post translational

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2
Q

transcriptional regulation involves what

A

transcriptional activation or repression
epigenetic regulation

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3
Q

post transcriptional regulation

A

RNA processing
RNA localization
selective degradation / translation of RNA

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4
Q

pre translational regulation

A

selective degradation of proteins
covalent modification

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5
Q

enhancers enable cells to ____________ responses to signals

A

coordinate

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6
Q

transcription factor outcomes dependent on what

A

developmental history
signals in the microenvironment

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7
Q

one trascription factor can induce the expression of many genes, because many genes share the same __________

A

regulatory sequences

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8
Q

regulatory sequences can control _______ that genes are expressed

A

temporal order

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9
Q

temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression are determined by cascades of __________

A

transcription factor activity

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10
Q

gradients can be refined by ________

A

mutual activation + repression

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11
Q

gradients of transcription factors are subsequently refined by mutual activation and repression, and this is beause the genes have binding sites for transcription factors encoded by other _________ genes in their _______

A

segmentation
enhancers

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12
Q

cell differentiation is regulated by activity of specific combo of _______

A

transcription factors

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13
Q

transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to ________

A

genomic regulatory sequences

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14
Q

__________ can be hardwired into genome

A

transcription cascades

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15
Q

cells highlight regions of these genomes (transcriptional memory) by what

A

modifying chromatins

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16
Q

what are the two main components of the epigenetic code?

A

DNA methylation
histone modification

17
Q

DNA methylation occurs at s ______, where CH3 is added to the _____ (carbon at 5th psition in the ring). this does / does not interfere with H bonding, and can / cannot interfere with binding of proteins in the major groove

A

CpG-dunucleotide
cytosine
does not
can

18
Q

what is the role of DNA methylation?

A

inverse relationship between cytosine methylation and transcription

19
Q

repression can be a result of

A

direct interference with transcription factor
specific binding of transcriptional repressor
altered chromatin structure

20
Q

methylation occurs at _____ islands around _______ of genes

A

CPG
promotors

21
Q

epigenetic and transcriptional programming determines _______

A

potential

22
Q

how are epigenetic marks maintained?

A

maintenance replication genomes
vertebrate cytosine methyl-transferases have preference for hemi-methylated targets

23
Q

spatially restricted transcription factors such as____ establish _______ patterns of homeotic gene

A

Hb
spatially restricted

24
Q

PcG and TrxG proteins maintain the ___________ respectively after the spatially restricted factors are gone

A

repressed and active states

25
Q

ontogeny

A

strcutres controled vocab for describing dif cell types

26
Q

mrf4 does what

A

helps to connect cells to myoblasts

27
Q

Identity of a cell is acquired via ___________ and preserved throughout its______

A

cell differentiation
lineage

28
Q

Accessibility of transcription factors to DNA is determined by ___________

A

epigenetic modifications

29
Q

__________ involving transcription factors and the ______________ during DNA replication ensures the preservation of _______ during cell proliferation

A

Feedback mechanisms
copying of the epigenetic marks
cell identity

30
Q

____________ in the stem cell niche influence cell fate via regulating the expression/function of ___________

A

Microenvironmental signals
genetic and epigenetic factors.

PODB (20 decks)

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