Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PODB > L11 > Flashcards

L11 Flashcards

1
Q

in the xenopus life cycle, there is no _______, or ____ and _____ phase

A

gap
G1
G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Xenopus eggs contain a large pool of _______ mRNAs and proteins

A

maternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

X. during cleavage stages, _______ are synthesized from maternal mRNAs

A

new proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

during the first 12 divisions of xenopus, there is very little _______

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

X. if you block protein synthesis, what happens?

A

blastula stops dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

X. sox17b and hbox18 are examples of what

A

transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when placed in a neutral environment, animal cells express _______ genes and vegetal cells express _______ genes. they are specified to these fates

A

ectodermic

endodermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ectodermic genes go on to form what

A

epidermis, CNS, neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endodermic genes go on to form what

A

internal organs, GIT, respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

all metzoans have _______ germ layers

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the vegetal pole can ________ cells from the animal pole to become ________

A

instruct
mesodermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the _______ have the capacity to become mesodermic

A

animal cap cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if you recombine the animal cap with dorsal subsets, the result is mainly _____ genes

A

dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if you recombine the animal cap with the ventral subset, what happens?

A

vegetal pole tells them which type of mesoderm to become

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are mesodermic marker genes?

A

secreted factors that can pass through small pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prospective ectoderm and endoderm are specified by ________

A

maternal factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 germ layers and what they entail

A

ectoderm - skin and NS
endoderm - internal organs
mesoderm - kidney, blood, muscle, notocord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

characteristics of mesoderm inducers in Xenopus

secreted _________
cells from the _________ form mesoderm if exposed to the inducer
may induce different type of mesoderm along the _________ axis
expressed in the _________ at early blastula stage

A

proteins
animal cap
D/V
vegetal pole

19
Q

Vg1 is a member of the _____ superfamily of growth factors. its RNA is expressed early during _______ and is localized at the ________ of the oocyte

A

TFGbeta
oogenesis
vegetal cortex

20
Q

knock-down only reduces _________

A

mesoderm induction

21
Q

Vg1 is only expressed in the _______ side of the embryo

A

dorsal

22
Q

egT is an _______ factor - it is not secreted

A

intrinsic

23
Q

VegT is a ___________ factor, which is _____ expressed in all the ________ half of the embryo

A

transcription
maternally
vegetal

24
Q

maternal VegT induces _______ expression of ______ ligands - they are called Xnrs in xenopus

A

zygotic

nodal

25
Q

nodal goes from _____ to ______ from ventral to dorsal

A

low
high

26
Q

the ______ form of smad2 is the active form of smad2

A

phosphorylated

27
Q

Nodal signalling is active at the right stage for ___________ induction

A

mesoderm

28
Q

TGFbeta is expressed in a lot of what

A

cancer

29
Q

SB505124 and SU5402 are what

A

an ATP analog

30
Q

inhibitin Nodal signalling causes loss of ________ is Xenopus embryo

A

mesoderm

31
Q

nodal signalling is required for ____________ gene expression

A

endodermic

32
Q

what are some roles of FGF signalling in mesoderm specification?

A

docking site for FH2 containing proteins

MAP kinase pathway

signals receptors that are tyrosine kinases

33
Q

the MAP kinase pathway is activated in the _________ during __________

A

marginal zone
gastrulation

34
Q

nodal induces ______ in the cells overlying the ______

A

mesoderm
endoderm

35
Q

the Spemann’s organizer has ______ and ______ inhibitors

A

BMP

wnts

36
Q

the roles of the spemann’s organizer during development are as follows:
- limit _____ signalds in the mesoderm
- inhibit ____ signalling in the _____ to induce the neuro-ectoderm
- contribute to _______ mesoderm

A

verntral
BMP
ectoderm
axial

37
Q

the Spemann organizer is a _________ structure situated above the _________ in the ______ stage of amphibian embryos

A

multicellular
blastopore lip
gastrula

38
Q

the spemann organizer secretes ___________ and ________ inhibitors

A

canonical Wnt
BMP

39
Q

when transplanted to the opposite site of an embryo, the spemann organizer can induce an ___________ neural plate and a _____ axis

A

ectopic
secondary

40
Q

the Nieuwkoop centre and the Spemann organizer both give rise to _______ axis when grafted in the ____ side

A

secondary
ventral

41
Q

the ectoderm and endoderm are ______ specified, but the mesoderm is induced post _______

A

maternally
MBT

42
Q

the __________ induces the formation of the Spemann organizer

A

Nieuwkoop centre

43
Q

the spemann organizer limits ventral signals in the _______ and is necessary for the induction of ___________

A

mesoderm
neural fate

PODB (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions