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PODB > l14 > Flashcards

l14 Flashcards

1
Q

the products of maternal effect genes form _______ that define the AP axis

A

long range gradients

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2
Q

as the embryo is a synctium, only a single _______ is needed for this morphogen system

A

transcription factor

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3
Q

this graded information is translated into more _____ of zygotically-expressed ___ whose effects are ____ range

A

discrete blocks
gap genes
short

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4
Q

gap genes regulate the expression of the ________, which are expressed with double segmented periodicity in ____ transverse stripes

A

pair rule genes

7

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5
Q

where do adult vertebrate segments come from?

A

embryonic structures called somites

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6
Q

what does it mean to be a transient structure?

A

later stages - they disappear

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7
Q

three regions of somites - what are they

A

sclerotome (vertebrae and ribs)
myotome (skeletal muscles- apart from some facial muscles)
dermotome (demis of back)

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8
Q

what is the henson node in the chick involved in?

A

synchronizing gene expression across the emrbyo

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9
Q

what does the henson node have?

A

a population of somatic stem cells

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10
Q

FGF8 is a negative regulator. what does it do?

A

blocks somite formation

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11
Q

what does retinoic acid do in terms of somite formation?

A

it is positive

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12
Q

what is the determination front? / wavefront?

A

gradient of the two opposing signals
FGF and RA

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13
Q

can RA inhibit the effect of FGF8 on somite formation?

A

yes

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14
Q

somites can only form where there is not enough _____ to stop them from doing so

A

FGF8

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15
Q

n-cadherin causes cells to

A

stick to one another

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16
Q

eph/ephrin causes cells to

A

repel one another

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17
Q

_______ controls physical formation of somites

A

balance between attraction and repulsion

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18
Q

tissue will separate where ____ expressing cells meet _____ expressing cells

A

Eph
Ephrin

19
Q

notochord is an ______ which provides _____

A

elastic rod
support

20
Q

the henson node in the chick has a population of ___________ which have the ability to self renew to leave the node and generate ________

A

somatic stem cells
presomatic mesoderms

21
Q

in vertebrates, segments bud off ________

A

one by one

22
Q

in drosophila, segments all emerge at the __________ by ______ of existing space

A

same time
subdivision

23
Q

somites for at a ______ from the node, and the presomitic mesoderm maintains a ______ length

A

given distance
constant

24
Q

what are the three features of somite formation?

A

temporal
spatial
physical

25
Q

so far, only genes related to ____ have been found operating in both simute formation and drosophila segmentation

A

hairy

26
Q

changes in hairy expression match a ___ minute rhythm

A

90

27
Q

Notch ____ hairy, hairy _____ notch

A

activates
inhibits

28
Q

a stable equilibrium between notch and hairy is ________. the system _____

A

not reached
oscillates

29
Q

does notch cycle? how is it expressed?

A

no
it is expressed constantly

30
Q

notch signalling is important for ___ formation

A

somite

31
Q

the stage of gene expression of these notch signalling components decide ___ a somite can form

A

when

32
Q

FGF8 is a ______ regulator, which _____ somite formation

A

negative
blocks

33
Q

FGs bind ________ receptors, and stimulate signalling in the ____ cell

A

transmembrane
recipient

34
Q

blocking FGF8 function shifts the _____ where the somites form

A

position

35
Q

retenoic acid is _____ on somite formation

A

positive

36
Q

‘the determination front’ is what?

A

the two opposing signals or the ‘wavefront’

37
Q

FGF8 forms a _______ gradient from the node, whereas RA formes a ________ gradient

A

posterior high
anterior high

38
Q

FGF8 ______ somite formation, and RA can _____ this effect of FGF8

A

inhibit
inhibit

39
Q

somites can only form where there is not enough ____ to stop them doing so

A

FGF8

40
Q

human axioloids capture ________ of the segmentation clock

A

oscillatory dynamics

41
Q

N-cadherin causes cells to _____

A

stick to one another

42
Q

Eph/Ephrin causes cells to ______

A

repel one another

43
Q

balance between attraction and repulsion controls __________ of somites

A

physical formation

44
Q

tissue will separate where ______ expressing cells meet ______ expressing cells

A

Eph

Ephrin

PODB (20 decks)

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