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Microbiology > L1 Gram positive Cocci > Flashcards

L1 Gram positive Cocci Flashcards

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1
Q

Coagulase positive Staphylococcus

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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2
Q

Where do carriers of Staph Aureus carry the bacteria?

A

usually in the nose of 20-40% of the population

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3
Q

furuncles are

A

boils

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4
Q

carbuncles are

A

cluster of boils that communicate under the skin and sometimes drain to the surface

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5
Q

impetigo is

A

a superficial skin condition around the nose and mouth

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6
Q

cellulitis is

A

spreading infection under the skin where the skin surface becomes red and swollen and hot, often seen on lower limbs

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7
Q

hidradenitis suppurativa

A

chronic carbuncles found under the arms

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8
Q

mastitis

A

effects breasts usually in breastfeeding mothers, is a form of cellulitis

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9
Q

pyogenic infections caused by staph aureus

A

septicaemia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, bursitis, organ abscesses

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10
Q

Septicaemia

A
  • infection circulating in the blood stream
  • detected by taking a blood sample and putting it in two culture bottles containing nutritious fluid - one with aerobic conditions and the other with anaerobic
  • high mortality and morbidity
  • may progress into endocarditis - aggressive and rapidly destructive and often requires replacement of the heart valve
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11
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bone infection

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12
Q

septic arthritis

A

joint infection

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13
Q

non-pyogenic disease caused by toxins in certain strains of Staph aureus

A
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) - causes desquamation and skin peeling of superficial layers of the skin
  • Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS)
  • staphylococcal food poisoning
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14
Q

gram positive, catalase positive, coagulase negative

A

epidermidis or saprophyticus

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15
Q

coagulase negative staphs

A
  • commensals of the human body esp. skin
  • low virulence, cause opportunistic infections
  • when epithelial defences are breached or in foreign devices
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16
Q

S. epidermidis

A
  • has a virulence factor of a slime layer on the outside of the cell wall which helps the organism to adhere to foreign devices (biofilm formation)
  • this protects it from the hosts immune response
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17
Q

S. saprophyticus

A
  • common cause of UTI
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18
Q

gram positive and catalase negative

A
  • genus streptococcus and enterococcus
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19
Q

alpha vs beta haemolysis

A
  • some bacteria produces enzymes that cause haemolysis and destroy red blood cells
  • beta haemolysis is when blood is totally dissolved
  • alpha haemolysis - doesnt fully destroy the bacteria and results in olive green discolouration
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20
Q

beta haemolysis

A
  • blood is totally dissolved and agar becomes clear

- organised by the Lancefeild grouping system

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21
Q

Lancefeild grouping system

A
  • 20 different groups determined by differences in C carbohydrates in the cell wall
  • carbohydrate antigens are antigenic
  • antibodies produced in lab animals used to identify them
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22
Q

Lancefeild group A strep (GAS)

A

strep pyogenes

23
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes lancefeild group

A

group A

24
Q

quinsy

A
  • peritonsillar abscess from tonsillitis in strep pyogenes infection
25
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A
  • produced in the appropriate strain of strep pyogenes - nephritogenic strains
  • inflammatory disease of the glomeruli of the kidney caused by deposition of immune complexes result in acute renal damage
  • usually seen in young children
  • high blood pressure, haematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), oedema
  • loss of protein in the body causes a change in osmotic pressure between blood and the tissues causing fluid to seep out of the vessels into the tissues casuing oedema (swelling)
26
Q

pyogenic complications of strep pyogenes in strep throat

A
  • peritonsillar absess (quinsy)
  • retropharyngeal abscess - a pocket of pus behind the pharynx in front of the spine
  • sinusitis
  • otitis media - infection of the middle ear
  • mastoiditis
27
Q

mastoiditis

A

infection of the air cells behind the ear, starts with pain and tenderness behind the ear that builds up with pus and may break out to the skin close to the brain

28
Q

otitis media

A

infection of the middle ear

29
Q

retropharyngeal abscess

A

a pocket of pus behind the pharynx and in front of the spine

30
Q

pyogenic skin and soft tissue infections of strep pyogenes

A

impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis

31
Q

impetigo (pyoderma)

A
  • superficial, outer layers of the skin
    cantagious - also called ‘ school sores’
  • especially infects children
  • crusty, oozing
32
Q

erysipelas

A
  • type of cellulitis
  • spreads through the outermost layers of the epidermis
  • blocks lymphatic channels causing swelling of the skin
  • has sharp borders
  • often seen on the face
33
Q

cellulitis

A
  • deeper than erysipelas
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • less defined edge
  • patient will often be febrile
  • nursing of medical staff will outline the outer edges to see if it is spreading or progressing
34
Q

necrotising fasciitis

A
  • deep between skin and muscles - facial planes
  • causes necrosis of the underlying muscles and overlying soft tissue
  • not always immediately visible from the surface
  • rapidly spreading and destructive
  • also caused microbial (including anaerobes), marine vibrios, clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
35
Q

strep pyogenes non-suppurative pharyngitis/tonsillitis complications

A
  • scarlett fever
  • toxic shock syndrome rarely
  • rhuematic fever
36
Q

rhuematic fever

A
  • rheumatogenic strain of strep pyogenes
  • affects disadvantaged populations eg. northern australia in aboriginal communities esp. children
  • patients following infection develop antibodies against their own tissues
  • polyarthritis - pain in joints
  • subcutaneous nodules - Rash - erythema marginatum
    - Chorea - writhing movements of the limbs
    - Carditis - including heart valve damage - Not endocarditis - Immune mediated damage to heart valves causing problems later in life
    - Recurrent rheumatic fever leads to rheumatic heart disease (RHD) 10-20 years later resulting in death due to heart failure (valve stenosis or regurgitation) blood flowing backward due to scarred heart valve that no longer functions properly.
37
Q

what causes rheumatic fever

A

strep pyogenes - rheumatogenic strain

38
Q

chorea

A

writhing movements in limbs

39
Q

what groups does rheumatic fever most effect

A

disadvantaged populations - especially children in northern australian aboriginal populations

40
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A
  • long term consequence of recurrent rheumatic fever
  • results in death due to heart failure
  • immune mediated damage to heart valves leads to scrred heart valve that no longer functions correctly
  • blood flows backward
  • 10-20 years after ruematic fever infection
41
Q

strep pyogenes non-suppurative complications skin and soft tissue

A
  • rarely scarlett fever

- toxic shock syndrome

42
Q

inflammatory disease of the glomeruli of the kidney caused by deposition of immune complexes resulting in acute renal damage following strep pyogenes infection

A

acute glomerulonephritis

43
Q

Lacefeild group B strep

A

strep agalactiae

44
Q

strep agalactiae lancefeild group

A

group B

45
Q

strep agalactiae

A
  • coloniser of the vagina in many women (commensal)
  • serious infections of the mother and neonate
  • premature labour, rupture of membranes
  • serious infections at the time of delivery or after delivery
    screening for carriage in pregnancy at the time of delivery with vaginal and rectal swabs
  • IV amoxicillin during labour (prophylaxis)
46
Q

maternal infections of strep alagactiae

A

post partum endometriosis (infection of the uterus)
post caesarean section septicaemia
UTI

47
Q

neonatal infections of strep agalactiae

A

septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, significant mortality

48
Q

alpha haemolysis

A
  • also called viridans haemolysis
  • dont fully destroy red blood cells
  • results in olive green discolouration
  • GI and genital tract infections
49
Q

S. mutans causes

A

dental caries

  • has glucotransferases which turn sucrose into glucans
  • glucan is insoluble and builds up in teeth
  • glucans adhere t dental enamel, which form the basis of dental plaque and tartar
  • organsims grow underneath the plaque and teeth
  • an example of a biofilm
  • acid production, demineralisation of the tooth, initiation of carries
50
Q

two biofilm producing bacteria

A

s. mutans - glucotransferases turn sucrose into glucans which are insoluble and build up on teeth
s. epidermidis - slime layer on the outside of the cell wall - extracellular polysaccharide - helps organism to adhere to foreign devices and protects from host immune response

51
Q

strep pneumoniae

A

the pneumococcus

  • highly virulent pathogen
  • Carries in the URT of 5-10% of the population
  • Has a capsule (virulence factor) is antigenic, thus can be used to type different strains of this species
  • 80+ antigenically distinct serotypes
  • causes pneumonia and meningitis
52
Q

most common cause of pnuemonia

A

strep pneumoniae

53
Q

Genus enterococcus

A
  • Commensals of the human bowel
    • Agglutinate with the Lancefeild group D antiserum
    • Main species
      ○ E. faecalis
      ○ E. faecium (less commonly encountered, more resistant to antibiotics)
    • Typical infections
      ○ Intra-abdominal infections
      ○ Urinary tract infections
      ○ Soft tissue infections
      ○ Bacteraemia
      ○ Endocarditis

Microbiology (26 decks)

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