3.1

Question 1

endospores

Answer 1

• Formed when bacteria encounter adverse environmental conditions
  
  • Have a tough shell which can resist heat and drying
  • Some bacterial species can survive in the environment for more than 100 years and still produce viable bacteria when placed in the right conditions

Question 2

2 species of genus bacillus

Answer 2

bacillis anthracis, bacillus cereus

Question 3

bacillus anthracis causes

Answer 3

anthrax

Question 4

anthrax

Answer 4

isease of livestock and other grazing mammals
□ Humans can get it if they come into contact with infected animals or animal products
□ Spores remain viable for over 100 years
□ Used as a biological warfare agent

Question 5

3 forms of anthrax

Answer 5

cutaneous, inhalational, gastrointestinal

Question 6

cutaneous anthrax

Answer 6

◊ Untreated mortality 20%

◊ Occurs sporadically in australia

Question 7

inhalational and gastrointestinal anthrax

Answer 7

unrelated mortality 100%
® May progress to a septicaemic form which may lead to meningitidis
◊

Question 8

bacillus cereus

Answer 8

§ Food poisoning associated with the consumption of poorly cooked, reheated rice dishes
§ The endospores enable it to survive the initial cooking
§ Some strains of the species produce enterotoxins which cause severe diarrhoea and vomiting

Question 9

4 species genus clostridium

Answer 9

clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum, clostridium defficile

Question 10

○ Clostridium perfringens 3 diseases

Answer 10

gas gangrene, clostridial food poisoning, necrotising bowel disease

Question 11

□ Gas gangrene

Answer 11

® Clostridial myonecrosis

® Spores in the soil contaminate wounds, leading to liquefactive necrosis of skin and underlying muscle

Question 12

® Clostridial myonecrosis

Answer 12

□ Gas gangrene

Question 13

□ Clostridial food poisoning

Answer 13

® Bacteria growing in beef, pork, chicken, turkey

® Crampy abdominal pain, diarrhoea, self limiting

Question 14

□ Necrotising bowel disease

Answer 14

® Pig bel
® Associated with inadequately cooked pork in New Guinea feasts
® Try[sin inhibitors in sweet potato prevent gastric juices from destroying the toxin
® Necrosis of bowel or bowel segment

Question 15

® Pig bel

Answer 15

□ Necrotising bowel disease

® Pig bel

Question 16

○ Clostridium tetani

Answer 16

§ Produces a neurotoxin which blocks inhibitory nerve impulses
§ Tetanus

Question 17

§ Tetanus

Answer 17

□ May be produced when bacterial spores contaminate a wound
□ Bacteria growing in the wound produce neurotoxin
□ Muscle rigidity and severe spasms persisting for weeks
□ High mortality in the absence of intensive care

Question 18

○ Clostridium botulinum

Answer 18

§ Produces a neurotoxin which blocks the release of acetyl choline from motor nerve endings

Question 19

§ Botulism

Answer 19

□ May result from the ingestion of spores in food or when spores contaminate wounds
□ Flaccid paralysis of the eye, face and limb muscles
□ Muscles or respiration - respiratory failure
□ The toxin (botox) has use in cosmetic medicine where paralysis of small facial muscles relaxes skin wrinkles

Question 20

○ Clostridium defficile

Answer 20

§ Common cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients

Question 21

risk factors for infection with clostridium defficiel

Answer 21

□ Current or recent use of antibiotics 
				□ Old age 
				□ Being a hospital patient 
				□ Being debilitated 
				□ Recent surgery

Question 22

clostridium difficile infection

Answer 22

§ May be complicated by a toxic megacolon

□ Distended colon which may rupture

Question 23

botulism caused by

Answer 23

clostridium botulinum

Question 24

tetanus caused by

Answer 24

clostridium tetani

Question 25

gas gangrene caused by

Answer 25

clostridium oerfringes

Question 26

clostridial food poisoning caused by

Answer 26

clostridium perfringens

Question 27

necrotising bowel disease caused by

Answer 27

clostridium perfringens

Question 28

food poisoning associated with consumption of poorly cooked rice dishes caused by

Answer 28

bacillus cereus

Question 29

anthrax caused by

Answer 29

bacillus anthraces