3.2

Question 1

endospore forming gram positive (facultative)aerobe

Answer 1

genus bacillus

Question 2

endospore forming anaerobic genera

Answer 2

clostridium, clostridiodes

Question 3

non endospore forming regular shaped (facultative)aerobes

Answer 3

lactobacillus, listeria

Question 4

non endospore forming irregular shapes (facultative) aerobes

Answer 4

corynebacterium

Question 5

non endospore forming actinomycetes which are (facultative) arobes

Answer 5

nocardia

Question 6

non endospore forming regular shapes anaerobes

Answer 6

lactobacillus

Question 7

non endospore forming irregular shapes anaerobe

Answer 7

cutibacterium

Question 8

non endospore forming actinomycetes anaerobes

Answer 8

actyinomyces

Question 9

actinomycetes morphology means

Answer 9

Filamentous and branching referred to as actinomycetes

Question 10

irregular morphology meaning

Answer 10

Irregular - also referred to as coryneform or diphtheroid

Question 11

• Genus lactobacillus

Answer 11

○ Large, regular gram positive rods 
		○ Most are facultative anaerobes 
			§ Aerobic bacteria that can grow anaerobically 
			§ Some are obligate anaerobes 
		○ Nearly 200 species

Question 12

genus lactobacillus are commensals of

Answer 12

○ Most are commensals of the human GI, vagina and mouth

Question 13

lactobacilli are characterised by

Answer 13

○ Lactobacilli are characterised by their ability to convert glucose into lactic acid, thus lowering pH of their environment
○ Production of lactic acid maintains vaginal pH at 3.8-4.7
§ Not conductive with the growth of certain pathogens

Question 14

genus listeria

Answer 14

○ Found in soil and water
○ Carried by animal species and passed in the faeces
○ Because of their ubiquitous distribution they easily contaminate food and milk
○ Can grow at 4° C, refrigerated contaminated food is still unsafe

Question 15

genus listeria found on

Answer 15

○ Found more often in 
			§ Coleslaw or raw cabbage 
			§ Pasteurised milk
			§ Soft cheeses
			§ Pate 
			§ Undercooked chicken 
			§ Prepacked sliced meats

Question 16

listeria infection

Answer 16

○ Opportunistic pathogens
○ Infection in normal hosts in subclinical or mild but in pregnant women or immunocompromised hosts the sequelae can be serious

Question 17

1 species of genus listeria

Answer 17

listeria monocytohenes

Question 18

3 demographics possibly infected by listeria monocytogenes

Answer 18

pregnant women, neonate, immunosuppressed or elderly

Question 19

listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women

Answer 19

□ Pregnant women
® Asymptomatic or flu like illness
® Disease 20x more likely than in general population
® Miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth

Question 20

listeria monocytogenes in neonate

Answer 20

□ Neonate 
					® Severe disease, 20-30% mortality 
					® Sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis 
					® Granulomatis infantiseptica 
						◊ Rare form of disseminated infection in foetus/neonate - widespread microabscesses and granulomas, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly 
						◊ May die shortly after birth

Question 21

® Granulomatis infantiseptica

Answer 21

◊ Rare form of disseminated infection in foetus/neonate - widespread microabscesses and granulomas, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly
◊ May die shortly after birth

Question 22

listeria monocytogenes in immunosuppressed or elderly

Answer 22

® Sepsis
® Meningitis
® Meningoencephalis

Question 23

• Genus Corynebacterium morphology

Answer 23

○ Tiny, irregular gram positive rods

○ Coryneform morphology

Question 24

genus corynebacterium characteristics

Answer 24

○ 88 species within the genus
○ Colonisers of various body sites including the skin
○ May cause uncommon opportunistic infections if they are able to penetrate the body’s outer defences

Question 25

1 corynebacterium

Answer 25

corynebacterium diphtheria

Question 26

○ Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 26

§ The cause of diphtheria
§ Mortality 30%
§ Rare due to vaccination

Question 27

diphtheria

Answer 27

§ Mortality 30%
§ Rare due to vaccination
§ Primarily infects the pharynx but also causes severe systemic disease due to toxin production
§ Forms thick white membrane on pharynx
§ Grossly swollen neck due to inflammation of airways and surrounding tissues
§ Inflammation, swelling and exudation leads to the formation of an adherent, obstructive membrane which may extend down the trachea
§ Cause of death - asphyxiation

Question 28

cause of death from diphtheria

Answer 28

asphyxiationm

Question 29

corynebacterium diphtheria produces

Answer 29

§ Produces an exotoxin
□ Absorbed into the body and affects
® Heart
◊ Myocarditis and cardiac arrhythmias which may lead to cardiac failure
® Cranial and peripheral nerves
◊ Neuritis and paralysis

Question 30

• Actinomycetes

Answer 30

○ Gram positive bacteria

○ Filamentous, branching bacteria which visually resemble fungi, microscopically or when growing on agar plates

Question 31

aerobic actinomycetes causes

Answer 31

mycetoma

Question 32

mycetoma

Answer 32

□ Lesion formed
□ Actinomycotic mycetoma - formed by bacteria
□ Eumycotic mycetoma - produced by fungi
□ Slowly developing chronic lesions of the skin and underlying tissues that result from minro trauma where soil or organic material penetrates the skin
® Eg. Splinter, thorn, branch

Question 33

aerobic antinomycetes are ubiquitous in the

Answer 33

environment, especially in soil

Question 34

Madura foot caused by

Answer 34

aerobic actinomycetes

Question 35

§ Genus Nocardia can cause

Answer 35

mycetoma

Question 36

1 aerobic actinomycete genus

Answer 36

genus nocardia

Question 37

genus nocardia causes in australia

Answer 37

□ In Australia - more likely to cause other types of disease ie. Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts
□ Organisms is inhaled from the environment into the lung, and in the immunocompromised, a slowly progressing lung infection may be established
□ Common for the bacterium to disseminate, particularly to the brain

Question 38

1 anaerobic actinomycetes genus

Answer 38

genus actinomycetes

Question 39

genus actinomycetes found in

Answer 39

□ Found in the environment, particularly in soil, others are found as human commensals, particularly of the oral cavity

Question 40

genus actinomycetes caused

Answer 40

actinoycosis

Question 41

□ Actinomycosis

Answer 41

® Chronic slowly developing disease
® Usually A israelii
® This happens if there is a mucosal breach allowing access to submucosal tissue
® The infection is generally polymicrobial, involving other bacteria of the normal flora

Question 42

actinomycosis usually caused by

Answer 42

Actinomycetes Israelli

Question 43

three forms of actinomycosis

Answer 43

◊ Cervicofacial (most common)
◊ Thoracic
◊ Abdominal/pelvic

Question 44

actinomycosis usually happens when

Answer 44

® This happens if there is a mucosal breach allowing access to submucosal tissue

Question 45

inflammatory response to actinomycosis

Answer 45

® Inflammatory response to the invading bacteria results in a suppurative, granulomatous mass
◊ Not considered by tissue planes
◊ Characterised my multiple sinus tracts draining pus
◊ Particularly on the abdomen or pelvis may be mistaken for a malignant tumour

Question 46

actinomycosis caused by

Answer 46

genus actinomycetes

Question 47

mycetoma caused by

Answer 47

aerobic actinomycetes

Question 48

diphtheria caused by

Answer 48

corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 49

granulomatis infanispetica caused by

Answer 49

listeria monocytogenes