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Anatomy (JC2) > Knee, Ankle and Tibiofibular Joints > Flashcards

Knee, Ankle and Tibiofibular Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Modified Synovial Hinge Joint

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2
Q

Why is the Knee joint the most complex joint in the body?

A

Because it involves 3 different bones and 2 different joints

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3
Q

What are the bones involved in the knee joint?

A
  1. Distal end of Femur
  2. Proximal end of Tibia
  3. Patella
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4
Q

What are the joints involved in the Knee joint?

A
  1. Patellofemoral Joint

2. Tibiofemoral Joint

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5
Q

What are the Articulating surfaces involved in the knee joint?

A
  1. Rounded condyles of Femur (Above)
  2. Condyles of Tibia (Below)
  3. Distal Femur and Patella( Anterior)
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6
Q

What are the C-Shaped discs separating the femoral condyles and tibial condyles and what are they made of?

A

Semilunar Menisci made of fibrocartilage

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7
Q

What are the functions of the Menisci?

A
  1. Deepen the articular surface
  2. Act as a cushion for bones
  3. Medial Menisci is an attachment for the Medial Collateral Ligament
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8
Q

What is the tendon attaching to the Knee joint?

A

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

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9
Q

What are the Extracapsular ligaments involved in the Knee Joint?

A
  1. Patellar Ligament
  2. Medial Collateral Ligament
  3. Lateral Colateral Ligament
  4. Patellar Retinacula
  5. Oblique Popliteal Ligament
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10
Q

What is the Patellar Ligament attached to?

A
  1. Lower border of Patella

2. Tibial Tuberosity

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11
Q

What is the Medial Collateral Ligament attached to?

A
  1. Medial Femoral Condyle
  2. Medial Tibia
  3. Medial Meniscus
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12
Q

What is the Lateral Collateral Ligament attached to?

A
  1. Lateral Femoral Condyle

2. Head of Fibula

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13
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments involved in the knee joint?

A
  1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
  2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
  3. Menisfemoral Ligament
  4. Transverse Ligament
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14
Q

What are the attachments of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament?

A
  1. Lateral Femoral Condyle

2. Anterior Tibial Plateau

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15
Q

What are the attachments of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament?

A
  1. Medial Femoral Condyle

2. Posterior Tibial Plateau

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16
Q

What are the functions of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament?

A
  1. Hyperextension of the knee

2. Prevents femur from sliding backwards, tibia going forwards

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament?

A
  1. Prevents femur from sliding forwards, tibia sliding backwards
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18
Q

What are the movements of the Knee Joint?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Medial and Lateral Rotation
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19
Q

What muscles (and nerve) is responsible for flexion of the knee joint?

A

Hamstrings–> Tibial Nerve

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20
Q

What muscles (and nerve) are responsible for Extension of the Knee joint?

A

Quadriceps muscles–> Femoral Nerve

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21
Q

What muscles are responsible for Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Knee joint?

A

Contraction of alternate hamstring muscles when the knee is in flexion

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22
Q

What are Synovial Bursae and where are they found?

A

Fluid-filled, sac-like cavities found wherever skin, muscle or tendon rub against bone

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23
Q

What are the functions of synovial bursae?

A

Reduce Friction and Facilitate movement of bones, muscle and tendons

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24
Q

What are the Synovial Bursae around the knee joint?

A
  1. Suprapatellar Bursa
  2. Prepatellar Bursa
  3. Infrapatellar Bursa
  4. Semimembranous Bursa
  5. Popliteal Bursa
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25
Q

Where is the Suprapatellar Bursa located?

A

Behind the quadriceps tendon above the patella, extending a handbreadth above the patella

26
Q

Where is the Prepatellar Bursa located?

A

Anterior to the patella

27
Q

Where is the Infrapatellar Bursa located?

A

Superficial and Deep to the Patellar Ligament

28
Q

Where is the Semimembranous Bursa located?

A

Between the synovial membrane and joint

29
Q

Where is the Popliteal Bursa located?

A

At the back of the knee joint, communicating with the joint cavity

30
Q

What happens if the Prepatellar Bursa is inflamed?

A

Housemaid’s Knee

31
Q

What happens if the Infrapatellar Bursa is inflamed?

A

Clergyman’s Knee

32
Q

What is the blood supply to the knee joint?

A

Genicular arteries from the Popliteal Artery

33
Q

What is the nerve supply to the knee joint?

A
  1. Femoral Nerve
  2. Tibial Nerve
  3. Common Peroneal Nerve
34
Q

How does passive rotation of the knee joint occur?

A

Locking and Unlocking of the knee joint

35
Q

How does locking of the knee joint occur?

A

When the leg is in full extension, the Femur rotates medially on the tibia, making the knee rigid

36
Q

How does unlocking of the knee joint occur?

A

The ligaments become untwisted and relaxed, and the popliteus muscle laterally rotates the femur on the tibia

37
Q

How do you test a patient for ACL injury?

A

Anterior Drawer or Lachman Test

38
Q

Describe the Anterior Drawer Test

A

With the patient lying flat on their back, get them to flex the knee at a 90 degree angle. Pull on the tibia and compare the movement to the other leg.

39
Q

How do you test a patient for PCL injury?

A

Posterior Drawer Test

40
Q

Describe the Posterior Drawer Test

A

With the patient lying flat on their back, get them to flex the knee at a 90 degree angle. Push on the tibia and compare the movement to the other leg.

41
Q

How do you test for Collateral Ligament Injuries?

A

With the patient legs straight, try to abduct and adduct the knee–> There should be little movement if normal

42
Q

Why are Medial Meniscal injuries more common than Lateral Meniscal Injuries?

A

Because the medial meniscus is attached to the medial collateral ligament

43
Q

What is an example of Synovial Herniation?

A

Baker’s Cyst–> usually in semimembranous Bursa

44
Q

What is injured in an ‘Unhappy Triad’ Injury?

A
  1. Medial Collateral Ligament
  2. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  3. Medial Meniscus
45
Q

What are some Orthopaedic Injuries of the Knee (4)?

A
  1. Knee Dislocation
  2. Supracondylar Fracture of Femur
  3. Knee Replacement
  4. Patellar Dislocation/Fracture
46
Q

What kind of joints are the superior and inferior tibiofibular joints?

A

Superoir: Synovial Joint
Inferior: Fibrous Joint

47
Q

What does the Talus articulate with?

A
  1. Tibia
  2. Fibula
  3. Calcaneus
48
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial Joint

49
Q

What are the bones (and their parts) of the ankle joint?

A
  1. Inferior tibial surface and medial malleolus of Tibia
  2. Lateral malleolus of Fibula
  3. Superior surface of Talus
50
Q

What are the Ligaments involved in the ankle joint?

A
  1. Deltoid Ligament (Medial Ligament)

2. Lateral Ligament

51
Q

What is the Deltoid/Medial Ligament of the ankle joint made of?

A
  1. Tibiocalcaneal Part
  2. Tibionavicular part
  3. Anterior Tibiotalar Part
  4. Posterior Tibiotalar part
52
Q

What does the Deltoid/Medial Ligament of the ankle joint attach to?

A
  1. Medial Malleolus
  2. Sustentaculum Tali of Calcaneus
  3. Navicular
  4. Medial Tubercle of Talus
53
Q

What is the Lateral Ligament of the ankle joint made of?

A
  1. Calcaneofibular ligament
  2. Anterior Talofibular ligament
  3. Posterior Talofibular ligament
54
Q

Which of the ligaments in the ankle joint is more susceptible to injury?

A

Lateral Ligament–> Anterior Talofibular part

55
Q

What are the movements of the ankle joint?

A
  1. Dorsiflexion of the foot

2. Plantarflexion of the foot

56
Q

What muscles and nerves are responsible for Dorsiflexion of the foot?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg–> Deep Peroneal Nerve

57
Q

What muscles are responsible for Plantarflexion of the foot?

A

Muscles in Posterior Compartment of Leg–> Tibial Nerve

58
Q

What are the joints responsible for Inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

Intertarsal joints

59
Q

What are some traumatic injuries that may occur to the ankle joint?

A
  1. Ligament sprains
  2. Malleolar Fractures
  3. Fractures of the Talus
  4. Inferior Tibiofibular joint disruption
60
Q

What is Pott’s Fracture?

A

Bi-malleolar Fracture

61
Q

What is the treatment for a Pott’s fracture?

A

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)–> Surgery to realign the bone and putting in steel rods, screws and plates etc. to keep the bone stable

62
Q

What happens when there is a fracture of the Talus?

A

Risk of Avascular Necrosis

Anatomy (JC2) (20 decks)

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