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Anatomy (JC2) > Kidney, Adrenal Gland, Ureter > Flashcards

Kidney, Adrenal Gland, Ureter Flashcards

1
Q

How big is the kidney?

A
  1. 4-5 inches long

2. 2 inches wide

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2
Q

What structures are anterior to the left kidney?

A
  1. Transverse and Descending Colon

2. Spleen (Superior-Lateral)

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3
Q

What structure are anterior to the Right Kidney?

A
  1. Ascending Colon
  2. Right Hepatic Flexure
  3. Peritoneum (superior)
  4. Duodenum (Medial)
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4
Q

What are the layers of Fascia over the kidney from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Pararenal Fat
  2. Gerota’s Renal Fascia
  3. Perirenal Fat
  4. Renal Capsule
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5
Q

What is the Renal Capsule?

A

Glistening membrane acting as the absolute outer layer of the kidney

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6
Q

What is the function of the Renal Capsule?

A

Prevent infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys

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7
Q

What is Gerota’s Fascia?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

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8
Q

What is the importance of Gerota’s Fascia?

A

It is an important landmark in determining the stage/spread of renal cell cancer

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9
Q

What is posterior to the kidney?

A
  1. Psoas Major
  2. Quadratus Lumborum
  3. Transversus Abdominis
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10
Q

What is in the hilum of the kidney from anterior to posterior?

A
  1. Renal Vein
  2. Renal Artery
  3. Ureter
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11
Q

What are the parts of the Kidney?

A
  1. Renal Cortex
  2. Renal Medulla
  3. Major Calyx
  4. Minor Calyx
  5. Renal Pelvis
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12
Q

What is in the Renal Cortex?

A
  1. Blood vessels

2. Renal Corpuscles

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13
Q

What is in the Renal Medulla?

A

Cone-shaped medullary pyramids made up of parallel bundles of Urine-Collecting Tubules

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14
Q

What is the pathway of urine from the Glomerulus to the Ureter?

A

Glomerulus–> Proximal Tubule–> Loop of Henle–> Distal Tubule–> Collecting Duct–> Minor Calyx–> Majory Calyx–> Renal Pelvis–> Ureter

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15
Q

Describe the course of the Ureter

A

Descends inferiorly and medially between Psoas Major and Blood Vessels until it crosses across the External Iliac Artery at the Sacroiliac Joint. It then goes through the Pelvic Rim and enters the Bladder Obliquely at the Trigone

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16
Q

What are the areas where Ureters can get constricted?

A
  1. Hilum of the Kidney at the Uretopelvic Junction
  2. At the Pelvic Rim in the Branching between internal and external iliac arteries
  3. At the entrance to the bladder
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17
Q

What is the blood supply to the Kidney?

A

Renal Artery (off aorta at L2)

  • 2-4 branches anterior
  • 1 branch posterior
18
Q

What is the blood supply to the Ureter?

A
  1. Branches of Renal Artery
  2. Aorta
  3. Gonadal Artery
  4. Superior Vesical Arteries
  5. Inferior Vesical Arteries
19
Q

What kind of Epithelium does the Ureter have and why?

A

Transitional Epithelium–> because it needs to be waterproof and distensible

20
Q

What is the Nerve Supply to the Ureter?

A

Renal Plexus from T10-T12

21
Q

Where is pain in the Ureter referred to?

A
  1. Back
  2. Lumbar Region (flank)
  3. Genitals
22
Q

Where would you see the Ureters on a radiographic film?

A

Tips of transverse processes of L1-L5

23
Q

What are kidney stones made of?

A

Calcium Oxalate +/- Phosphate

24
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands?

A

Located on the Superior pole of kidney (T12), enveloped in Gerota’s Renal Fascia

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Gland?

A
  1. Cortex

2. Medulla

26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Adrenal Cortex?

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
27
Q

What is produced in the Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone (Mineralcorticoid)

28
Q

What is produced in the Zona Fasciulata?

A

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)

29
Q

What is produced in the Zona Reticularis?

A

DHEA (Androgen)

30
Q

What happens if you have too much cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

31
Q

What happens if you have too much Aldosterone?

A

Conn’s Disease

32
Q

What happens if you have a deficient in adrenal cortex hormones?

A

Addison’s Disease

33
Q

What cells are in the Adrenal Medulla and what do they produce?

A

Chromaffin Cells–> produce adrenaline and noradrenaline

34
Q

What is Phaechromocytoma?

A

Neuroendocrine system where the adrenal medulla produces too much adrenaline and noradrenaline

35
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A
  1. Superior Suprarenal Artery (from Inferior Phrenic)
  2. Middle Suprarenal Artery (off the aorta)
  3. Inferior Suprarenal Artery (From Renal Artery)
36
Q

What is the venous drainage of the Kidneys?

A

Right Kidney directly into the IVC, Left Kidney to Left Renal Vein then to IVC

37
Q

What are abnormalities that can arise from problems in Kidney development?

A
  1. Pelvic Kidney
  2. Horseshoe kidney
  3. Ureter defects
38
Q

What is a Pelvic Kidney?

A

Kidney in the Pelvis because it fails to ascend during embryological development

39
Q

What is a Horseshoe Kidney?

A

When the 2 kidneys fuse together, wrapping around the aorta

40
Q

What is the Vesico-Ureteric Reflux?

A

It occurs when the intramural region of the ureter is too short–> can get back flow of urine

Anatomy (JC2) (20 decks)

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