Kin 131 midterm 2 extra questions

Question 1

What main 2 groups is the peripheral nervous system grouped into?

Answer 1

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

Question 2

What 3 types of afferent sensory neurons are there?

Answer 2

1. somatic(info from sensory receptors)
2. Viceral (info from internal organs)
3. Special senses (info from 5 special senses)

Question 3

What 2 groups is the efferent pathway divided into? types of these

Answer 3

1. Somatic
2. Autonomic
   - Sympathetic
   - Parasympathetic
   - Enteric

Question 4

Explain the structure of the efferent pathway neurons

Answer 4

Somatic:
- Single neuron connected to both the CNS and the target tissue
- Only sends excitatory signals

Sympathetic:
- Neurons extends from the centre of the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk (Row of ganglia)
- Short pre-ganglionic neurons
- Long post ganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic:
- Nerves extend from the brain and bottom of the spinal cord
- No trunk like in the sympathetic side
- Long preganglionic neuron
- Short post ganglionic neuron

Question 5

What are the sections of the sympathetic trunk and what do they control?

Answer 5

Superior cervicle ganglion:
- Controles eyes, the face and glands in the face

Middle and inferior ganglion:
- Heart, blood flow

Question 6

How many cranial and sacrum nerves are their in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

4 cranial pairs and 3 in the sacrum

Question 7

What are the 4 cranial nerves called?

Answer 7

?

Question 8

What neuron transmitter do the somatic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons release?

Answer 8

1. Somatic neurons releases acetylcholine which is received by nicotine acetylcholine receptors
2. Parasympathetic neurons complete first synapsis with Act and Nicotine Act receptors then complete the second synapsis with Ash received by muscarinic receptors (Type of metabotropic receptor)
3. Sympathetic neurons complete first synapsis with Act and nicotine Act receptors. Second synapsis occurs with norepinephrine being received by adrenergic receptors

Question 9

What else does the sympathetic neurons synapse with?

Answer 9

Synapsis with the adrenal medulla releasing adrenaline into the blood

Question 10

What are the stimuli and effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 10

Stimulated by…
- Exersize
- Embarrassment
- Exitment
- Emergency

Effects…
- Increase heart rate
- increase respiratory rate
- increase blood pressure (vasodilation)
- Increase in sweating
- Decrease in urinary and digestive function

Question 11

What are the stimuli and effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 11

Stimulated by…
- Rest and relax
- Repair and recovery

Effects…
- Lower heart rate
- Decrease respiratory rate
- Decrease blood pressure (vasodilation)
- increase in digestive, urinary, and gut function

Question 12

What is the only thing that only has a sympathetic function?

Answer 12

the skin

Question 13

What are the effects of adrenaline?

Answer 13

Same responses as sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

What are the meningeal extensions and what do they do?

Answer 14

Falx cerebri: Seperates the hemispheres of the cerebrum

Flax cerebelli: Seperates the hemispheres of the cerebellum

Tentorium cerebelli: separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

Question 15

Explain the Vagas nerve

Answer 15

The vagas nerve is the main nerve in the parasympathetic system that carries many of the sympathetic axons closer to their target organs. motor and sensory nerves. heart breathing digestion

Question 16

Explain the parasympathetic nervous system. What are the 4 ganglions coming from the head and the cranial nerves their associated with?

Answer 16

• Controles rest and digest function
• Has 4 cranial nerve pairs and 3 sacral nerve pairs

1. Ciliary ganglion
   - Cranial nerve 3 = Oculo motor nerve
2. Pterygopalitine ganglion
   - Cranial nerve 7 = Facial nerve
3. Submandibular ganglion
   - Cranial nerve 7 = facial nerve
4. Otic ganglion
   - Cranial nerve 9 = glossophanrygeal nerve (heart)

Question 17

Where is the BBB leaky?

Answer 17

choroid plexus to provide materials to build CSF

Question 18

What are the 3 kinds of spinal reflexes and what do they do?

Answer 18

1. Stretch reflex:
   - Muscle spinal stretch receptors sense a rapid lengthening of the muscle and contract in order to prevent a tear
2. Golgie tendon organ reflex
   - Golgi tendon organ senses a sudden contraction in the muscle and causes the muscle to relax in order to prevent damage
3. Flexor and cross extensor reflex:
   - When pain in sensed in one lateral area so it flexes in order to take weight off of it, while at the same time the other lateral side undergoes extension in order to bear the weight of the body