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Kin 131 flashcards > Kin 131 exam senses > Flashcards

Kin 131 exam senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is neroplasticity and how and when does it happen?

A

Is the change in the brain
- Brain adapts over whole life
- Brain changes in response to everything

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2
Q

Explain what phantom limb sensation is

A

-When people feel sensations on parts of their body that aren’t there anymore when stimulus is felt on different parts of the body.
- Because when a part of the body is gone, the area of the brain that was previously for that has been taken over by neurons for other parts of the body and the brain can misinterpret the stimulus as coming from the missing limb

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3
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

Vision, Audition, Vestibular, Gustation, olfaction

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4
Q

Explain the 3 layers of the eye

A
  1. Sclera
    - Tough ouster layer of connective tissue
    - muscles that rotate eye attach here
    - Cornea: front outside layer of the sclera that protects it and allows light into the eye
  2. Choroid
    - middle thin layer
    - Darkly coloured in order to pick up light rays at the back of the eye that arent absorbed by cones and rods
  • Iris: Coloured part of the eye that controls the diameter of the pupil, therefore the amount of light entering the eye
  • Zonular fibers: connect the cillary muscles to the lens.
  • Cillary muscles: Change the shape of the lens, controlling far/close vision
    Lens: Clear structure that light passes through
  1. Retina
    - Inner most layer
    - Considered extension of the CNS
    - Where the photoreceptors sit
  • macula lutea: Area with little blood vessels that house the fovea centrais
  • Fovia centralis: Area with high density of cone cells
  • Optic discs: Area where the optic nerve leaves the eye that contains no photoreceptors. Photoreceptors create electric signals carried by neurons which converge to create the optic nerve which leaves the eye vis the optic disk (blind spot)
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5
Q

Explain the inside of the eye

A

Aqueous humour: Fluid that fills the space between the iris and the conea

  • Vitreus humor: Jelly like substance that sits between the lens and the retina. fills eyeball
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6
Q

Explain the refraction of light in the eye

A

Lens bends light in order to hit the retina. Closer object = lens is more bent

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7
Q

Explain how the Cillary muscle works

A
  • When relaxed the the lense is pulled flat
  • When contracted the tension is taken off of the zonular fibers, allowing the lens to bend
  • Cillary muscles also attach to the iris, causing dilation or constriction of the iris
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8
Q

explain far and near sightedness and what can cause it

A

Myopia:
- Near sightedness
- Typically have a extended eyeball, causing light to converge infant of the retina
- can be corrected with a concave lens

Hyperopia:
- Typically have a shortened eyeball causing light rays to converge behind the retina
- Can be corrected with a convex lens

-Age causes lens to lose elasticity causing myopia and hyperopia

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9
Q

Is the retina considered part of the CNS or the PNS?

A

PNS because it has a high number of specialized cells

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10
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells? What do they do?

A

Rods and cones. Turn light to electrical signals for the brain to understand

  • Are bipolar neurons
  • Dendrites are ‘disks’ that respond to light
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11
Q

Explain rods

A
  • Contain rhodopsin which is extremely sensitive to light, even in the dark
  • No roll in colour vision
  • More inactive in bright environments, but active in dark environments
  • take time to fire up when going from light to dark area
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12
Q

Explain Cones

A
  • Less sensitive to light
  • Primary roll is colour vision
  • 3 different types of cone cells that sense different colours (sense different wavelengths)
  • Some people have a 4th type of cone and can see extra colours
  • Cones are better for perceiving detail
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13
Q

Explain the process of light being perceived by the brain

A
  1. Light enters eye and gets picked up by rods and cones
  2. Light that didn’t get picked up gets absorbed by the choroid at the back of the eye
  3. light that hit rods and cones create a graded potential which heads down the rods and cones and interacts with bipolar cells
  4. The signal is carried through the bipolar cells to a retinal ganglion cells, which take the signal and pass it to its long axons which converge creating the optic nerve
  5. Signals going to brain can be excitatory or inhibitory, controlling what info goes to the brain in order to create a clear image for the brain
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14
Q

What photoreceptor is more effective in bright light

A

cones, because their less sensitive to light

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15
Q

Which way do the photoreceptors face in the eyeball?

A

Face to the back of the eye, facing the retina

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16
Q

What do horizontal cells and amacrine cells do?

A

Coordinate info from adjacent receptor cells helping us understand shape and movement

17
Q

what do muller cells do?

A

Act as a funnel to let light travel to the back of the eye without being disrupted

18
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

Eg. red green colourblindness is the most common and its when the red or green cones aren’t functioning properly or are missing

19
Q

What are the 3 sections of the ear?

A

External ear:
- designed for picking up sound waves
-Cartilage flaps
- pinna (auricle): Outter flaps of the ear
- External auditory canal
- Tympanic membrane

Middle ear:
- Auditory ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes
- Eustachian tubes: allow for regulation of pressure

Inner ear:
- Choclea: converting vibration into sounds
- 3 Semicircular canals: sense rotational movement
- Otolith organs: sense linier movement
-Auditory nerve: Transmit sound info from the inner ear to the brain

20
Q

Explain the process of hearing

A
  1. Pinna picks up sound waves which travel down the external auditory canal and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate
  2. Tympanic membrane moves the malleus which moves the Incus which moves the stapes, relaying the sounds wave through the middle ear
  3. The stapes hits the oval window on the choclea like a drum which causes the liquid in the choclea to be rippled
  4. Ripples in the liquid are picked up by hair like structures that turn them into electrical signals which are sent out of the auditory nerve for the brain to understand
21
Q

Explain the choclea

A
  • Scalar vestibuli: First area of the choclea that the ripples cross
  • Scalar tympani: second area of the choclea that the ripples cross
  • Higher frequency sounds are processed earlier in the choclea than low frequency sounds
  • organ or corti: Group of cells with hair like projections that’s main job is to turn the ripples into a electrical signal
  • Scarlar: filled with paralymph
22
Q

What kind of receptor are the hair cells?

A

Mechanoreceptor

23
Q

At what sound can cause hearing damage? What’s the threshold of pain?

A

80 decibels and above can cause damage while 125 db is our threshold of pain

24
Q

What does hearing damage cause damage to?

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Choclea
  • hair cells
25
Q

What other system does the inner ear house?

A

The vestibular system

26
Q

What structures make up the vestibular system? Explain them

A

The semi circular canals
- detects rotational movement
- 3 semi circular canals that are filled with a liquid called endolymph
- When you move, the endolphymph moves, sending a signal to your brain
- Each of the 3 are orientated differently (left right, front back, up down)

Otolith organs
- detects linier movement
- Sac like structures connected to the semi-circular canals
- Utricle: detects horizontal movement
Vacuole: detects vertical movement

27
Q

Explain the anatomy of the semi circular canals

A
  1. Ampulla
    - Enlarged region of the semi circular canal that contains the capula
  2. Capulla
    - Gelatinous structure that contains hair cells (hair cells detect movement of fluid in the semicircular canals and send signals to brain)
  3. Semicircular canals:
    - Sense rotational movement in 3 planes
28
Q

Explain the anatomy of the otolith organs

A
  • Inside the utricle and sacuole their are hair cells in a jelly like substance
  • Inside the jelly like substance are calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia which when move, push the hair which creates a signal that gets sent out the vestibular nerve
29
Q

What is the vestibulocular reflex?

A

When head turns, your eyes stay locked on the same spot

30
Q

What is part of the vestibular labyrinth?

A

-semicircular canals
-otolith organs
- Ampula

31
Q

What structure is on the top of the hair cells?

A

Stereocillia

32
Q

How is taste sensed?

A

Via chemoreceptors on the tongue

33
Q

What are taste buds?

A
  • They are the receptor unit for taste
  • They require saliva to break down the molecules
  • Each taste bud contains 50 chemoreceptor cells
34
Q

What are papillae?

A

They are bump like structures that house taste buds. Different types of papillae are found around the tough that sense for different tastes: Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

35
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae on the tounge?

A
  1. Fungiform papillae:
    - All over tounge
    - Contains 5 taste buds each
  2. Foliate papillae:
    - found on the sides of lounge
    - As we age the taste buds in these disappear
  3. Circumvalate papillae:
    - Found at the back of tongue (x12)
    - Contain from 100-300 taste buds each
  4. Filiform papillae
    - All over lounge
    - Do not contain taste buds
    - provide friction to move food around mouth and tactile tactile receptors to feel textures
36
Q

How is small detected?

A

Detected by chemoreceptors in the upper nasal cavity

37
Q

How does smell work?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells which are located in the olfactory epithelium (upper part of the nasal cavity) have long cillia that extend into mucus
  2. These cilia have receptor proteins that bind to odour molecules which cause an action potential to be created and sent to the brain via the olfactory nerve.
  3. Smell information is not regulated by the thalamus, but is passed directly to the brain for processing in the olfactory sensors

Kin 131 flashcards (17 decks)

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