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Kin 131 flashcards > Kin 131 brain review (midterm 2) > Flashcards

Kin 131 brain review (midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between a nerve and a neuron? where are they found?

A

Nerve:
-bundle of nerves including the connective tissue and the blood vessels
- Found only in the PNS

Neuron:
- Base unit of the nervous system
- Found in both the CNS and the PNS

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2
Q

What are found in the CNS instead of nerves?

A

pathways/tracts and commissures

Pathways/tracts: Group of axons together in the CNS

Commisures: Group of axons that connect the hemispheres of the brain

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3
Q

What 3 parts is the brain divided into? What sub parts make up these larger sections?

A
  1. Forebrain
    - Cerebrum
    - Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
    - Pons
    - Medula oblongata
    - Cerebellum
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4
Q

Explain what the cerebrum is

A

It’s a part of the forbrain that is the biggest part of the brain. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex and is made up of the different lobes

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5
Q

What are the lobes that make up the cerebral cortex? What are their main functions?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
    - Voluntary movement
    - Executive decision making
    - Personality
  2. Parietal lobe
    - Sensory perception
    - language processing
  3. Temporal
    - Auditory preception
    - memory retreival
  4. Occipital lobe
    - Vision perception
    - facial and object perception
  5. Insular lobe
    - Location: Between the frontal and temporal lobe\
    - Regulates taste and smell
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6
Q

What’s the primary area vs the secondary area do?

A

primary area: receives stimulus and is aware of stimulus

Secondary areas: Applies meaning to the information

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7
Q

What are the primary and secondary areas in the frontal lobe?

A

primary motor area: Sends out signals to the muscles

Secondary motor area: Plans movement and sends it to primary motor area

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8
Q

What are the primary and secondary areas called in the different lobes?

A

Frontal: primary/secondary Motor area
Parietal: primary/secondary Somatosensory area
Occipital: primary/secondary visual area
Temporal: primary/secondary Auditory area
Insular:
- Smell: primary/secondary olfactory area
- taste: primary/secondary gustatory area

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9
Q

Brain structure nomenclature

A

Gyri: peaks in the folds of the brain
Sulci: trouves between folds
Fissures: Long deep grooves

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10
Q

What divides the left and right hemisphere?

A

The longitudinal fissure

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11
Q

What are the boundaries for the frontal lobe

A

-Central sulcus: sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

latteral sulcus: Sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

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12
Q

What are the boundaries for the parietal lobe

A

-Central sulcus: sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

lateral sulcus: Sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

Parieto-occipital sulcus: Sulcus that separates the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

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13
Q

What are the boundaries for the occipital lobe

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus: Sulcus that separates the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

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14
Q

What are the boundaries for the temporal lobe

A

lateral sulcus: Sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

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15
Q

Explain the homunculus

A

Map of the frontal and parietal lobe and shows the parts of the brain that are dedicated to sensory and motor functions for different body parts

Sensory Homunculus: shows how much of the cortex is dedicated to processing sensory information from different body parts. Body parts that are more sensitive, like the fingers and lips, are represented larger.

Motor Homunculus: Found in the primary motor cortex, it indicates how much brain area is devoted to controlling voluntary movements of various body parts. Again, areas requiring finer motor control, like the hands and face, are depicted as larger.

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16
Q

What and where is the diencephalon

A

Its located under the cerebrum and its where the limbic system if found

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17
Q

What are the 4 parts of the limbic system and what they do?

A
  1. Hippocampus
    - Turning short term memory into long term memory
  2. Hypothalamus
    - Controls hormone production and release. - - Regulates sleep/wake cycle, temperature and hunger
    - controles auntonomic funtion of body
  3. Amygdala
    - Emoption processing especialy that of fear

4.Thalamus
- Decides if a stimulus should be ignored or not

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18
Q

What’s the main function of the brain stem

A

To relay info from the spinal cord to the brain and control Important bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat

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19
Q

What are the 4 parts of the brain stem and their functions? ASK

A
  1. Medula oblongata
    - Responsible for regulating life’s basic functions such as heart rate, breathing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing
  2. Pons
    - Bridges the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
    - Sleep/wake cycle
  3. midbrain
    - Pupile light reflex, blink reflex
  4. reticular formation:
    - Neurons all through the brainstem
    - When turned on it wakes us up. When inhibited we fall asleep
    - 5 major senses turn it on exept for smell
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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hindbrain?

A
  1. Pons
    - Bridges the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
  2. Medulla oblongata
    - Responsible for regulating life’s basic functions such as heart rate, breathing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing
  3. cerebellum
    - Balance and courdination
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21
Q

Name the parts of the brain stem in order from spinal cord up

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
  4. reticular formation
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22
Q

What’s the difference between a nucleus and a ganglia?

A

Nucleus: group of cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglia: Group of cell bodies in the PNS

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23
Q

What are basil nuclei and what do they do? What are their 3 main functions and what diseases affect those 3?

A

They are a group of cell bodies (AKA grey matter) in white matter.

Their main function are:

  1. Plan and execute voluntary movement
    - Parkensins disease causes decrease in movement
  2. Help inhibit unessisary movement
    - Huntingtons disease is when the basil nuclei that regulate unwanted movement is damaged causing a increase in movement
  3. Subconscious movements
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24
Q

What’s the difference between akinesia vs brady kinesia?

A

Akenesia: Loss of movement

Bradykinesia: Slower movement

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25
Q

What part of the limbic system is not enclosed by the blood brain barrier? Why?

A

The Hypothalamus so it can accurately read the content of the blood in order to know what hormones to release

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26
Q

What part of the brain contains the most neurons?

A

The cerebellum

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27
Q

What 3 things can damage to the cerebellum lead to? What can cause this damage?

A

Can be caused by: severe concussion, stroke and results in movement errors

Dysmetria: Error in the range of movement causing bad accuracy

Dysdiadochokinesia: Inability to perform a rapid alternating movement

Ataxia: Unsteady gate (Walking patterns)

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28
Q

What are the 3 ways the CNS is protected. What do each of them do?

A
  1. Cerebral spinal fluid
    - Protects brain by suspending it in CSF
    - Nutrient supply
  2. Blood brain barrier
    - Controls what can enter the brain from the blood stream
  3. Meningies
    - 3 layer protection of the brain that surrounds it
  4. Pia mater
  5. Arachnoid mater
  6. Dura mater
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29
Q

What are the 3 layers of meningitis from closest to the brain and spinal cord out (PAD)

A
  1. Pia mater
    - Thin layer of connective tissue
    - Contains blood vessels
  2. Arachnoid mater
    - middle layer
    - spider web like structure that let CSF flow through it
  3. Dura matter
    - Tough outter layers of connective tissue
    - Actually made of 2 layers
30
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord

A

Top relay information from the PNS to the CNS

31
Q

Where does the spinal cord attach to on the brain?

A

The brain stem

32
Q

What 5 sections is the spinal cord separated into?

A
  1. Cervicle
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
33
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are their?

A

31 pairs

34
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are on the cervicle region?

A

8

35
Q

Are the spinal nerves part of the CNS or the PNS

A

PNS

36
Q

The spinal nerves are broken up into two pieces. What are they called and do they carry afferent or efferent info?

A

Posterior ramus: carries afferent info

Anterior ramus: carries efferent info

37
Q

What is the conus medullaris, Filum terminals, and the caudal equina?

A

conus medullaris: End of the spinal cord

Filum terminals: Anchors the spinal chord to the coccyx

caudal equina: Extention of nerves past the end of the spinal cord enervating the lower limbs

38
Q

What is a dermatome and a myotome?

A

Dermatome: Area of skin supplied by the same spinal nerve that detects sensory stimulus

Myotome: Group of muscles that is supplied by the same spinal nerve

39
Q

What’s the main purpose of the limbic system?

A

Basic emotional and behavioural responses needed for survival

40
Q

What part of the brain decides wether a stimulus is important enough to send to the brain?

A

Thalamus

41
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

space between the Pia mater and the arachnoid mater that’s filled with CSF

42
Q

Explain where brain bleeds can happen what their results

A

Epideural hematoma:
- bleeding in the epidural space (between skull and dura mater)
- usually caused by bone fracture
- causes a increase in pressure

Subdural hematoma:
- Bleeding in the subdural space (between dura mater and arachnoid matter)
- Increases pressure in brain

Subarachnoid hematoma:
- Bleeding in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid matter and Pia mater)

43
Q

What is meningitis?

A

The inflammation of the meningitis causing a increase in pressure

44
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus which is made of ependymal cells

45
Q

Explain the flow of CSF swell as its drainage back into the blood stream. ASK ABOUT THIS

A
  1. CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles
  2. Flows to the third ventricle through the inter ventricular Forman
  3. Flows the the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
  4. CSF then goes to the subarachnoid space via the medial and latter apeture
  5. CSF gets drained from the subarachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi
46
Q

What is the purpose of a spinal tap?

A

To obtain a sample of cerebral spinal fluid from the spine in order to determine for infections

47
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

A condition where the production of CSP is greater than what we can drain. Results in a enlarged head which is more dangerous for adults than kids.

48
Q

What do the astrocytes create to form the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions

49
Q

What are the different types of receptors in the PNS and what stimulus are they made for?

A

1.Thermoreceptors:
- Detects temperature change

  1. Photoreceptors
    - React to light
  2. Chemoreceptors
    - React with certain molicules
  3. Mechanoreceptors
    - Pay attention to [pressure, touch vibration
  4. Nociceptors
    - Fire to indicate pain
50
Q

What 3 afferent pathways can the PNS be divided into?

A

Somatic sensory:
- Physical feelings from the skin

Visceral sensory
- Feelings from inside the body (eg. heart lungs)

Special sensory
- Stimulus from the 5 senses

51
Q

What are the two efferent pathways in the PNS?

A

Somatic motor: Controles voluntary movement

Autonomic motor: Controles involentary movement
- Sympathetic: Flight or fight
- Parasympathetic: rest and digest
Enteric: Regulates GI function

52
Q

Where are the sensory receptors located?

A

Ends of sensory dendrites

53
Q

What are the two ways sensory receptors can be categorized?

A

Mode of detection and where their detected from

54
Q

Name the 3 sources of stimulus (Where the stimulus is from)

A

Extroceptors: Stimulus from outside the body (eg. Sight, sound, touch)

Proprioceptors: Stimulus from joints

Enteroceptors: sense things in the gut

55
Q

What’s are the two types of adaptation receptors and what do they do?

A

fast adapting receptors: Activated when a stimulus is first encountered, but fall silent if a stimulus stays present
Slow adapting receptors: Keep responding to a continuously present stimulus

56
Q

Explain the sensory unit

A

Sensory unit: Single afferent neurin and all of its sensory receptors attached to it

Receptive feild: The area under one sensory unit

57
Q

What is sensory coding?

A

How the brain understands what’s happening by anylizing the type, location and intensity of a stimulus

58
Q

What determines the intensity of a stimulus?

A

Frequency coding: The amount of stimulus coming in

Population coding: Amount of neurons being activated

59
Q

What determines the type of stimulus?

A

Each receptor has a specific type of stimulus it detects for

60
Q

What determines the location of a stimulus?

A

When overlapping receptor fields receive a stimulus that stimulates them both, lateral inhibition occurs. This is when the sensory unit that is sending the most AP inhibits its neiboring neurons via axon collaterals. This centralizes the location of the stimulus

61
Q

What are the things called that perform lateral inhibition?

A

Axon collaterals

62
Q

Is a smaller or larger receptor field more accurate?

A

Smaller

63
Q

There are two types of mechanoreceptors. What are they and what do they sense?

A

Touch receptors: Provides info about shape and texture of a object

Pressure receptors: How intense is the stimulus

64
Q

What are the 6 types of touch/pressure receptors? are they fast or slow adapting?

A
  1. Root hair plexuses: Gives info about stimulus of hairs. Fast adapting
  2. Pacinian corpuscles: Gives info about deep pressure. Fast adapting
  3. Meisseners corpuscles: Detect light touch and low frequency vibration. Good at detecting movement. Fast adapting
  4. Merkel cells: Detect light touch. Slow adapting. Good at detecting shape
  5. Ruffini corpuscles: Detect stretch in skin. Slow adapting
  6. Free nerve endings
65
Q

What kind of receptors are a type of free nerve endings?

A
  1. Nociceptors
  2. Thermoceptors
  3. Mechanoceptors
66
Q

What are the two types of nociceptors? Are they mylenated or not?

A

Type A: Mylenated, provide info on quick sharp pain

Type C: Unmylenated, provide info on deep aching pain

67
Q

What ways can thermoreceptors be activated?

A

Heat/cold as well as chemicals which can trick them

68
Q

What is referred pain

A

Pain is felt on a different part of the body because the sensory neuron connects into the same place on the spinal cord

69
Q

What are the two types of proprioceptors?

A

Muscle spinal stretch receptors: Info about the change of length in a muscle

Golgi tendon organs: Information about the compression in tendons

70
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

A automatic reflex arc that doesn’t require the brain to happen.

Kin 131 flashcards (15 decks)

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