Kin 131 exam integumentary system Flashcards
1
Q
What does the integumentary system include?
A
- Skin
- assessor structures
- Hair, nails, glands
2
Q
What are the 7 primary functions of the integumentary system?
A
- protection
- UV protection (melanin)
- Physical trauma protection
- Protection against fluid loss - Excretion
- Gets rid of waste via sweat - Lubrication
- sebaceous glands produce oil - Body temperature
- Vasoconstriction = reduce temperature in target area
- Vasodilation = increase temperature in target areas - Vitamin D synthesis
- Produces vitamin D which produces a hormone called calcytrial that facilitates absorption of calcium - Lipid storage
- Helps insulate body and provide energy - Sensations
- contains receptors that help us understand the world around us
3
Q
Explain the anatomy of the cutaneous layer and the subcutaneous layer
A
- Cutaneous layer:
- Epidermis
- Dermis - Subcutaneous layer
- Hypodermis (provides support functions)
4
Q
Explain the cutaneous and subcutaneous layers of the skin in depth
A
- Epidermis:
- The outermost layer of the skin.
- Made up of 4-5 layers of tightly packed stratified squamous epithelial cells (flat cells stacked on top of each other).
- The epidermis acts as a barrier to protect the body from the environment. - Dermis:
- The inner layer of the skin, beneath the epidermis.
- Made up of 2 layers
- The dermis contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, glands, nerves, and hair follicles. It supports and nourishes the epidermis. - Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer):
- Located beneath the dermis.
- Highly vascularized (rich in blood vessels).
- The hypodermis connects the skin to the underlying fascia
5
Q
What is the epidermis primary made of? What does it do?
A
keratinocytes, which primary provide hardness and water resistance
6
Q
How many layers are in the epidermis?
A
Either 4 or 5
- 5 layers in thick skin: Palms and soles of feet
- 4 layers in thin skin: rest of body
7
Q
Explain the different layers of the epidermis
A
- Stratum basale (stratum germanium):
- Deepest layer
- Single layer of basal cells (turn into keratinocytes)
- Attaches epidermis to the dermis * - Stratum spinosum:
- 2nd deepest layer
- 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
- Keratonocytes begin to synthesize keratin
- Contains langerhans that act as macrophages, cleaning up unwanted substances - Stratum granulosum:
- 3rd deepest layer
- grainy appearance
- 3-5 layers of keratonocytes
- produces the largest amount of keratin
- produces keratohylin (protein that helps with waterproofing)
- Cells become flatter and begin to die - Stratum lucidum:
- Only in thick skin
- Cells are flattened and dead
- contains eledein (increases waterproofing and physical strength) - Stratum corner
- Outtermost layer
- 15-30 layers of keratonocytes
- layers of dead cells
- entire layers if replaced every 4 weeks ish
8
Q
What are basal cells
A
cuboidal shape stem cells that turn into keratinocytes
9
Q
What is keratin?
A
A protein known for being tough and water resistant (called a scleroprotein)
10
Q
Explain what can effect the colour of skin
A
- Melanin:
- Produced by melanocytes
- packaged into melanasomes
- further the melanosomes travel into the epidermis layers before being broken down and the larger they are = darker skin
- Melanin protects skin from UV damage
Melanin production is stimulated by UV exposure - Carotene
- Causes a yellow/orange pigment - Circulation and temperature
- Oxyhemoglobin (oxygenated blood) = red colour
- Cyanosis: caused by deoxygenated blood = blue colour
- Cold = vasoconstriction = blue
- Hot =. vasodilation = red
11
Q
What does having too much melanin do?
A
Can affect synthesis of vitamin D as it blocks too much UV light
12
Q
Explain the dermis and its layers
A
- Found beneath the epidermis layers
- Made of collagen and elastin fibres which give the skin strength and flexibility
- Has 2 layers:
- Papillary layer:
- Superficial layer
- Has dermal papilla which are bumps that form fingerprints and are used to lock the dermis to the epidermis - Reticular layer
- Deeper layer
- Dense irregular tissue
- Contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands
- stronger and less flexible than papillary layer
13
Q
Explain what lines of cleavage are
A
- The orientation of the underlying collagen fibers in the body
- Provides better resistance to certain forces
- In surgery, cuts are made with the lines of cleavage as it reduces scaring
14
Q
Explain the integumentary system accessory structure: Hair
A
- Made of dead keratinocytes
- Hair grows from a structure called the hair follicle, which is a tiny pocket in the skin.
- The hair follicle is an extension of the epidermis (the outer skin layer) that dips into the dermis (the deeper skin layer).
- Inside the hair follicle, there are several important parts (Hair root: beneath the skin):
1. Hair bulb: Structure at the base of the hair
2. Hair matrix: The part of the bulb where cells rapidly divide and produce new hair.
3. Hair papilla: A structure at the base of the bulb that contains blood vessels, which nourish the growing hair. - (Hair shaft: above the skin): Part of the hair that’s above the skin
15
Q
What are the layers of the hair?
A
- Medulla: Core part of the hair
- Cortex: Layer pf compressed keratinized cells that’s around the medulla
- Cuticle Hard keratinized cells that form outside of hair
