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AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) > key facts and figures 1929-41 > Flashcards

key facts and figures 1929-41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Temporary return to voluntary collectivisation

A

1930

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2
Q

Launch of Machine Tractor Stations

A

1931

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3
Q

Resumption of all-out dekulakisation

A

1931

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4
Q

Start of the famine in Ukraine

A

1932

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5
Q

Mass famine in the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and North Caucus

A

1933

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6
Q

Peasants forced into collective farms

A

December 1929

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7
Q

Expansion of the Urals-Siberian method

A

May 1929

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8
Q

Party activists (industrial workers) sent into countryside to help dekulakisation

A

Nov 1929, 25,000

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9
Q

What proportion of peasant households were kulak households?

A

4%

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10
Q

Proportion of peasant households were destroyed by dekulakisation

A

~15%

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11
Q

How many peasants were forced to migrate north and east to poorer land?

A

~150,000

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12
Q

Proportion of grain-farming areas did Stalin announce would be collectivised in 1930

A

25%

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13
Q

Percentage of peasant households collectivised in 1934?

A

70%

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14
Q

Percentage of peasant households had been collectivised in 1935

A

75%

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15
Q

Percentage of peasant households had been collectivised in 1937

A

90%

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16
Q

State quota for kolkohzes

A

Up to 40% of crops

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17
Q

How many Machine Tractor Stations were established?

A

2500

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18
Q

Percentage of threshing was carried out mechanically by 1938

A

95%

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19
Q

Percentage of ploughing was carried out mechanically by 1938

A

72%

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20
Q

Percentage of spring sowing was carried out mechanically by 1938

A

57%

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21
Q

Percentage of harvesting was carried out mechanically by 1938

A

48%

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22
Q

How many lorries were being used in Soviet agriculture in 1938 compared to the USA?

A

196,000 to 1,000,000+

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23
Q

Punishment for stealing from a collective farm by August 1932

A

10 years in prison, later raised to capital punishment

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24
Q

Punishment for selling meat or grain before quotas were filled

A

10 years in prison

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25
Q

Percentage of the USSR’s food produced on private plots and then sold on the private market by the late 1930s

A
  • 52% of vegetables
  • 70% of meat
  • 71% of milk
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26
Q

Dnieprostroi Dam construction

A

1927-32

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27
Q

Second 5YP launched

A

1933

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28
Q

New emphasis placed on armaments production

A

1936

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29
Q

Moscow-Volga Canal construction

A

1932-7

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30
Q

Third 5YP launched

A

1938

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31
Q

What doubled in 1940?

A

Armaments spending

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32
Q

Aims of the first 5YP

A
  • Develop heavy industry
  • Boost electricity production
  • Double the output from light industry e.g. chemicals
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33
Q

Failures of the first 5YP

A
  • None of the extremely ambitious targets were met
  • Improvements in the chemical industry lagged behind
  • Consumer industries were badly neglected
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34
Q

Successes of the first 5YP

A
  • Electricity output tripled
  • Coal and iron output doubled
  • Steel production increased by 1/3
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35
Q

Aims of the second 5YP

A
  • Continue the growth of heavy industry
  • Boost light industry: chemicals, electricals, consumer goods
  • Develop communications
  • Foster engineering
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36
Q

Failures of the second 5YP

A
  • Oil production failed to meet its targets
  • Consumers were still very short of some products
  • Quantity increased but quality still tended to be very low
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37
Q

Successes of the second 5YP

A
  • Some large-scale communication projects
  • Rapid growth in electricity production and chemicals
  • New metals (e.g. copper and tin) mined for the first time
  • Steel output tripled
  • Coal production doubled
  • The USSR was self-sufficient in metal goods and machine tools by 1937
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38
Q

Aims of the third 5YP

A
  • Renewed emphasis on heavy industry
  • Promote rapid rearmament
  • Complete the transition to communism
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39
Q

Successes of the third 5YP

A
  • Some strong growth in machinery and engineering
  • Defence industries developed exceptional models e.g. the T-34 tank
  • Spending on rearmament doubled 1938-40
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40
Q

Limitations of the third 5YP

A
  • Other areas stagnated after defense was prioritised
  • Oil production failed to meet targets, causing a fuel crisis
  • Lack of specialists due to Stalin’s purges
  • The German invasion of 1941 disrupted the Plan, causing it to end early
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41
Q

What world event impacted all of the 5YP’s?

A

The Great Depression
1929-39

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42
Q

How did the Dam impact Soviet electricity?

A

Increased Soviet electric power by 500% after 5 extra generators were installed in the second 5YP

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43
Q

Moscow Metro constructed

A

1932-37

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44
Q

Who built the Moscow-Volga canal?

A

~200,000 prisoners from the Dmitlag labour camp
~22,000 died

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45
Q

What percentage of the workforce was female by 1940?

A

43%

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46
Q

How much did women earn in comparison to men in 1940?

A

Around 40% less

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47
Q

When did absenteeism become a crime?

A

1940

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48
Q

When did measures to toughen up on absenteeism appear?

A

1930-33

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49
Q

Wage differentials introduced

A

1931

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50
Q

How did the Soviet economy grow between 1928 and 1940?

A

5-6% per year

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51
Q

How much did the first 5YP aim to increase production by?

A

300%

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52
Q

How much did the first 5YP aim to increase electricity production by?

A

600%

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53
Q

What proportion of GDP was rearmament in the second 5YP?

A

It rose from 4% of GDP in 1933 to 17% in 1937

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54
Q

Actual production of oil in 1932 compared to the target and the output in 1928?

A

Target: 21.7 mill tonnes
1932: 21.4 mill tonnes
1927: 11.7 mill tonnes

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55
Q

Actual production of steel in 1932 compared to the target and the output in 1928

A

Target: 10.4 mill tonnes
1932: 5.9 mill tonnes
1927: 4 mill tonnes

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56
Q

Actual output of electricity in 1932 compared to the target

A

Target: 22,000 m.kWh
1932: 13,540 m.kWh

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57
Q

Machine tools produced in 1932

A

19,700

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58
Q

Machine tools produced in 1940

A

50,600

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59
Q

Actual production of coal in 1937 compared to the target

A

Target: 152.5 mill tonnes
1937: 128 mill tonnes

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60
Q

Actual production of oil in 1937 compared to the target

A

Target: 46.8 mill tonnes
1937: 28.5 mill tonnes

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61
Q

Actual production of steel in 1937 compared to the target

A

Target: 17 mill tonnes
1937: 17.7 mill tonnes

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62
Q

Actual production of machine tools in 1937 compared to the target

A

Target: 40,000
1937: 45,500

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63
Q

Actual production of tractors in 1937 compared to the target

A

Target: 166,700
1937: 66,500

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64
Q

How much energy did the Dnieprostroi Dam generate?

A

560 MW

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65
Q

How much coal did Stakhanov cut?

A

102 tonnes in 5 hrs 45 mins
14x the amount expected for that length of time

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66
Q

How much were work norms raised by in 1936?

A

10-50%

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67
Q

End of the free labour market for workers

A

1940

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68
Q

Belomor Canal deaths

A
  • ~300,000 employed for the construction at its peak
  • 700 died a day
  • 1500 new arrived every day
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69
Q

How much of the workforce did women represent in 1929?

A

~29%

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70
Q

Zhenotdel closed down

A

January 1930

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71
Q

Change in the industrial workforce 1928-32

A

Doubled

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72
Q

Change in the urban population 1926-39

A

26 mill - 56 mill

73
Q

Stalin cult fully established

A

After 1933

74
Q

Stalin cult at its height

A

After WW2

75
Q

Changes in 1932

A
  • All writers had to belong to the Union of Soviet Writers
  • All artists and art critics had to belong to the Union of Artists
  • Similar unions for musicians, film makers and sculptors
76
Q

Frame of reference for writers laid down

A

Apr 1934 at first Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers, Andrei Zhadanov

77
Q

Change in percentage of collectivised households in 1930 (no longer enforced)

A

50%-20%

78
Q

‘The History of the All-Union Communist Party’ published

A

1938

79
Q

Copies of ‘The History of the All-Union Communist Party’ published in the USSR by 1948

A

34 million

80
Q

Percentage of female factory workers described as ‘norm-breaking’

A

25%

81
Q

Change in steel production 1928-40

A

1928: 4 million tonnes
1940: 18 million tonnes

82
Q

Change in planning targets for Gosplan 1930-40

A

Early 1930s: 300
1940: 2500

83
Q

Change in urbanisation 1920s-30

A

1926: 17%
1930: 33%

84
Q

End of food rationing

A

1934

85
Q

How much of the USSRs food were private plots producing by the late 1930s?

A

Nearly 2/3

86
Q

Deaths in the famine of 1932-34

A

6-8 million

87
Q

Deaths due to effects of dekulakisation and deportation

A

10 million

88
Q

Grain production by 1941

A

Less than under the NEP

89
Q

Change in military spending 1930s-40s

A

3% of total budget 1933
34% of total budget 1940

90
Q

How many aircraft factories were built in 1937?

A

9

91
Q

How many tanks was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?

A

230

92
Q

How many military aircraft was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?

A

700

93
Q

How many rifles was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?

A

100k+

94
Q

Grain production 1928-40

A

73 –> 95 million tonnes

95
Q

Cow production 1928-40

A

29 –> 28 million tonnes

96
Q

Pig production 1928-40

A

19 –> 27 million

97
Q

Coal production 1928-40

A

35.4 –> 165 million tonnes

98
Q

Poor quality production made a criminal offence

A

July 1940

99
Q

Shoe production 1928-40

A

58 –> 211 million

100
Q

Shakhty trial

A

1928

101
Q

Trotsky expelled from the USSR

A

1929

102
Q

The ‘Industry Party’ trial

A

1930

103
Q

Senior industrialists and economists tried

A

1930

104
Q

Ryutin (and K and Z) trial

A

1932

105
Q

The Party purge

A

1933

106
Q

Communist Party members 1933

A

3.2 million

107
Q

Kirov shot

A

December 1934

108
Q

Legislative change June 1935

A

Death penalty extended to apply to those who were aware of subversive activity and didn’t report it

109
Q

Legislative change April 1935

A

Legal for those over the age of 12 to be punished in the same way as adults, including the death penalty

110
Q

First major show trial

A

August 1936, Kamenev Zinoviev and 14 others

111
Q

New constitution introduced

A

1936

112
Q

When was Ryutin’s document circulated?

A

March 1932

113
Q

Yezhov head of NKVD

A

September 1936

114
Q

Number of army leaders sacked 1937-39

A

30,000+

115
Q

Number of military officials shot for refusing to approve the execution of their colleagues 1937-39

A

74

116
Q

Bukharin’s show trial

A

March 1938
Also involved Rykov and 19 others

117
Q

Change in the gulag population during the Great Purges

A

800,000 1935
5.5-9.5 million 1938

118
Q

Gulag mortality rates

A

4-6 times higher than the rest of the USSR

119
Q

People executed 1937-38 (the Terror)

A

650,000 (there are no exact figures)

120
Q

Effect of the purges on Party membership

A

1/3 expelled by 1938
850,000 expelled 1936-38
By 1939 less than 10% had joined before 1920

121
Q

Change in size of Red Army

A

1938-41
<1 –> 5 million

122
Q

Impact of the purges on the army

A

Lost ~23,000 experienced officers

123
Q

Proportion of officer corps and military intelligence imprisoned in the purge of the Red Army reinstated by 1940

A

~25%

124
Q

Percentage of the officer corps arrested in the purge of the Red Army

A

~50%

125
Q

Proportion of admirals arrested in the purge of the Red Army

A

100%
There were only 8 of them and their replacements were also arrested

126
Q

Impact of NKVD Order 00447 by the start of 1938

A

575,000 sentenced, 258,000 of them executed

127
Q

NKVD Order 00447

A

July 1937

128
Q

Impact of Order 00447 after one month

A

100,000 arrested, 14,000 sent to gulags

129
Q

Priests imprisoned in the Purges

A

4000

130
Q

Churches destroyed

A

40,000 by 1941

131
Q

Pilgrimages to Mecca forbidden

A

1935

132
Q

The ‘family code’ law

A

June 1936

133
Q

Change in birth rate 1928-32

A

-25%

134
Q

Abortion rates before, during and after the Great Retreat

A

1.9 million 1935
570,000 1937
755,000 1939

135
Q

Effect of the Great Retreat on birth rates

A

Rose slightly then fell from 1938 and never reached pre-rev levels

136
Q

Effect of the Great Retreat on working women

A

3 million 1928
13 million 1940

137
Q

Effect of the Great Retreat on marriage

A

1937: 91% of men and 82% of women in their 30s married

138
Q

Effect of the Great Retreat on divorce rate

A

Stayed high, 37% in Moscow in 1934

139
Q

Change in literacy levels

A

65% pre 1917
94% in towns and 86% in countryside literate 1941

140
Q

Most intensive period of Russian-German cooperation

A

1929-32

141
Q

Proportion of foreigners working in the USSR that were German

A

70% in 1930

142
Q

How many foreigners were working in the USSR in 1930?

A

9000

143
Q

USSR invited to join the League of Nations

A

Sept 1934

144
Q

Hitler Chancellor

A

1933

145
Q

Non aggression pact with France

A

November 1932

146
Q

Non-aggression pact with Poland

A

December 1932

147
Q

Mutual assistance pacts with France and Czechoslovakia

A

May 1935

148
Q

Spanish Civil War

A

July 1936

149
Q

Soviet intervention in the Spanish Civil War

A

Sept 1936

150
Q

German annexation of Austria

A

March 1938

151
Q

Munich conference

A

Sept 1938

152
Q

Germany invades Czechoslovakia

A

March 1939

153
Q

Anti-Comintern Pact signed

A

Japan and Germany 1936
Italy 1937

154
Q

USSR defeats Japan

A

August 1939 at Khalkhin Gol in Soviet Mongolia

155
Q

War between Japan and the USSR begins

A

May 1939

156
Q

Japanese invasions

A

Manchuria 1932
The rest of China 1937

157
Q

Percentage of Japanese forces killed at Khalkhin Gol

A

75%

158
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact signed

A

August 1939

159
Q

Germany invaded Poland

A

September 1939

160
Q

Hitler defeats France

A

May 1940

161
Q

The ‘Winter War’

A

November 1939 –> March 1940

162
Q

Military power in the war between Japan and the USSR

A

100,000+ troops
1000 tanks and aircraft

163
Q

DELETE

A

DELETE

164
Q

DELETE

A

DELETE

165
Q

Britain and France make guarantees to Poland

A

March 1939

166
Q

Polish German non-aggression pact signed

A

1934

167
Q

Polish German non-aggression pact ends

A

April 1939

168
Q

Hitler publicly announced German rearmament

A

March 1935

169
Q

Germans invade the USSR

A

22nd June 1941

170
Q

Time taken for the German army to defeat most of Western Europe

A

6 weeks

171
Q

US and USSR establish diplomatic relations

A

1933

172
Q

The earliest Stalin thought Hitler would invade the USSR

A

May 1942

173
Q

Grain production 1930-34 (failure of collectivisation)

A

83.5 –> 67 million tonnes

174
Q

Peasant grain production 1928-33 (success of collectivisation)

A

11 –> 22.6 million tonnes

175
Q

Average production of grain per hectare private farms vs collective farms

A

Private: 410kg
Collective: 320kg

176
Q

Proportion of churches open 1940

A

1% of all the churches that had been open in 1917

177
Q

New enterprises established

A

8,000+ between 1928-41

178
Q

Grain harvest 1940

A

Same as 1913

179
Q

How much did the Great Turn plan to increase grain production by?

A

50% by the end of the first 5YP

AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) (51 decks)

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