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AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) > Chapter 21 - The Great Patriotic War and its impact > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - The Great Patriotic War and its impact Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the German offensive pushed back from Moscow?

A

December 1941

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2
Q

When did the new German offensive advance towards the Caucasus oilfields?

A

June 1942

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3
Q

When was the German offensive halted at Stalingrad?

A

October 1942

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4
Q

When was the German surrender at Stalingrad?

A

February 1943

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5
Q

When was the new German offensive defeated at Kursk?

A

July 1943

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6
Q

When was Kiev liberated by the Red Army?

A

November 1943

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7
Q

When did the siege of Leningrad end?

A

January 1944

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8
Q

When did the Soviet forces reach Budapest?

A

December 1944

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9
Q

When was Warsaw captured by the Red Army?

A

January 1945

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10
Q

When was the Yalta summit meeting?

A

February 1945

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11
Q

When was the final defeat of Germany?

A

May 1945

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12
Q

When did Japan surrender?

A

August 1945

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13
Q

What was Operation Barbarossa?

A

The codename for the German invasion of the USSR

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14
Q

When did Germany invade the USSR?

A

22 June 1941

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15
Q

How long did the Germans think it would take to complete Operation Barbarossa?

A

A few weeks, well before the onset of winter

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16
Q

When was the German invasion originally planned for and why was it delayed?

A

1 June
Because of the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia

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17
Q

The German invasion forces were split into 3 army groups. Where were they going?

A

Leningrad, Ukraine and Moscow

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18
Q

Why did Stalin take no direct action to prepare for a German invasion?

A

2 possible reasons
1. He didn’t believe it would happen
2. He was worried that if he increased Soviet defences it would provoke attack

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19
Q

How did Stalin respond to the invasion?

A

Ignored it for nearly 2 weeks, spoke publicly about it on 3 July
Molotov made a speech in his place on the day of the invasion

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20
Q

What did Stalin say when he first acknowledged the invasion himself?

A

He stressed themes of patriotism, religion and unity
Called on all the peoples of the USSR to join the patriotic war against fascism

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21
Q

In which ways was poor leadership an issue in the early stages of the war?

A
  • Stalin was indecisive
  • The army had inexperienced commanders
  • Stalin refused to let the southern armies retreat from Kiev until it was too late
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22
Q

Give an example of Stalin’s indecisiveness in the early stages of the war

A

Preparations to move the capital from Moscow to Kuybyshev were cancelled at the last minute on his orders

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23
Q

What was the result of Stalin’s refusal to allow his army to retreat from Kiev?

A

A massive defeat in the south in September 1941

24
Q

What were the 3 main stages of the war?

A

June 1941 - summer 1942
1942 - summer 1943
1943 - summer 1945

25
Q

Give a summary of Stage 1 of the war

A

Russia struggled to survive against successive German offensives, suffering massive losses of people and territory

26
Q

What are the key dates of Stage 1 of the war?

A

September 1941: siege of Leningrad begins
December 1941: German advance on Moscow halts; first sign of German hesitation in the war
August 1942: bombardment of Stalingrad begins

27
Q

What are the key details of Stage 1 of the war?

A
  • 3 mill German troops invaded the USSR in June 1941
  • German advance was swift, huge losses for the Soviets (665,000 troops captured at Kiev)
  • Soviets attempted peace negotiations on 15.10 but Hitler ignored their offer
28
Q

What was the turning point of Stage 1 of the war?

A

October 1941:
Germans were unable to capture Moscow because of bad weather and because Stalin had recieved intelligence reports from Japan that allowed him to bring troops back from Siberia

29
Q

Give a summary of Stage 2 of the war

A

Russia stabilised its war effort, built a powerhouse war economy and stopped German advances

30
Q

What are the key dates of Stage 2 of the war?

A

February 1943: Surrender of German Sixth Army at Stalingrad
July 1943: Battle of Prokhorovka
July 1943: Kursk offensive called off

31
Q

What are the key details of Stage 2 of the war?

A
  • The war was turning into a war of attrition and Hitler didn’t have the resources to compete
  • Mass production of the T-34 tank was central to Soviet success in the Battle of Prokhorovka
32
Q

What was the turning point of Stage 2 of the war?

A

February 1943: Hitler made a major mistake in refusing to pull his troops out of Stalingrad. The defeat of the Sixth Army was a military and psychological disaster for the Germans

33
Q

Give a summary of Stage 3 of the war

A

Soviet armies moved on to the offensive, capturing vast areas that had been ocupied, and finally defeating the Germans

34
Q

What are the key dates of Stage 3 of the war?

A

November 1943: liberation of Kiev
November 1943: Tehran summit
January 1944: Soviet troops enter Poland
January 1944: siege of Leningrad ends

35
Q

What is a key detail of Stage 3 of the war?

A

There was a series of Soviet chain victories across Eastern Europe from Aug 1943 onwards, but the Germans were resilient defenders and it took until April 1945 for the Red Army to reach Berlin

36
Q

What was the turning point of Stage 3 of the war?

A

July 1943: Soviet victory at Prokhorovka was a springboard for Soviet counter attacks. Start of the Soviet offensive that actually won the war

37
Q

In what two ways was the USSR ‘ravaged by war’?

A
  1. The German advance caused huge destruction
  2. Soviet ‘scorched earth’ tactics as the Red Army retreated
38
Q

Why was life for civilians on the Home Front hard?

A

Food, fuel and shelter in short supply
Many factories, hospitals and houses destroyed

39
Q

How many civilians died in the war?

A

~12 million
1/8 of the pop alive before the war was dead by 1945

40
Q

How many towns, cities and villages were destroyed in the war?

A

1700 towns and cities
70,000 villages

41
Q

Examples of German brutality and repression in the war

A
  • 1000s of Soviet soldiers held as prisoners of war
  • 1000s of Soviet workers conscripted to work in German war factories
  • Captured Soviet commissars executed immediately
  • Vicious reprisals against partisans
  • Massacres and deportations of Jews
42
Q

Give an example of a massacre of Jews

A

Sept 1941, 34,000 Jews were shot and buried in mass graves at Babi Yar

43
Q

Examples of Soviet brutality and repression in the war

A
  • 1000s arrested or executed as ‘slackers’, ‘deserters’ and ‘defeatists’
  • 170,000 military personnel executed for treason during the war
  • Harsh treatment of people from liberated western areas
  • Harsh treatment of returned prisoners of war
  • Mass deportations of ethnic minorities
44
Q

Give an example of mass deportations of ethnic minorities

A

May 1944, the entire Tartar population of 24,000 people were deported to Uzbekistan

45
Q

Name 3 powerful unifying factors during the war

A
  • fear and hatred of the Germans (helped by German repression and cruelty)
  • deep patriotism in defending the Motherland
  • an underlying faith in Stalin and defence against fascism
46
Q

What was the impact of conscription on the Red Army?

A

1941: 4.8 million soldiers
+29.5 million over course of war

47
Q

How many factories were moved from Moscow?

A

500

48
Q

Rapid mobilisation in the Soviet war economy

A

In the early stages of the war, Stalin’s errors lost millions of Red Army men and equipment
Rapid and massive conscription was a major strength to the USSR

49
Q

Evacuation of industry in the Soviet war economy

A

German invasion and occupation of western regions destroyed the basis of the economy in industry and agriculture
Industry was relocated from the western areas to the Urals and further east
Whole factories were dismantled and moved with their equipment and workers

50
Q

How many trains were used to transport the factories?

A

20,000

51
Q

Improved military resources in the Soviet war economy

A
  • Began to build a huge industrial base for war production in 1942
  • Centrally controlled command economy was especially effective during wartime, helped USSR produce the resources it needed
  • Huge improvements made to military vehicles and tactics
  • Industrial capacity meant they could withstand the loss of 1000s of T-34 tanks in battle
52
Q

Why was the T-34 tank so good?

A
  • equal to the German Tiger tank in close-up fighting
  • quick to manufacture
  • easy to repair
53
Q

Foreign aid from the USA

A

Huge quantities of armaments, industrial goods and food
300,000 American trucks supplied through the Lend-Lease scheme

54
Q

What was the US Lend-Lease scheme?

A

A US policy in which the USA supplied its allies with food, oil and military equipment 1941-45

55
Q

Why was foreign aid important for the USSR?

A
  • It was an important factor in the ability to mobilise for total war
  • Vital in the winter of 1942-43 when the USSR was recovering from heavy losses earlier in the war

AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) (51 decks)

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