Chapter 24 - The transformation of the Soviet Union's international position Flashcards

1
Q

What years did the Red Army advance into East Central Europe?

A

1944-45

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2
Q

What year did the Yalta and Potsdam summit conferences take place?

A

1945

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3
Q

What year did the US Marshall Plan and ‘Truman Doctrine’ take place?

A

1947

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4
Q

What year did the communist coup in Czechoslovakia start?

A

1948

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5
Q

What year did the Berlin Blockade begin?

A

1948

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6
Q

What year did the Berlin Blockade end?

A

1949

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7
Q

When was there a successful test of the Soviet atom bomb?

A

August 1949

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8
Q

When did Stalin die?

A

5 March 1953

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9
Q

What did the successful test of the atom bomb comfirm about the USSR?

A

Its status as the world’s only other superpower to rival the USA

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10
Q

What were the 5 features of the USSR as a superpower?

A
  • A military-industrial war machine
  • Increased territory
  • Satellite states
  • Atomic power
  • UN permanent member
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11
Q

Why was the USSR considered a ‘military-industrial war machine’?

A

It had 7.5 million well-equipped soldiers

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12
Q

How had the USSR’s territory increased?

A

By the end of the war, it controlled the Baltic states and eastern Poland

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13
Q

What were satellite states?

A

A country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic or military influence/control from another country (in this case they were governed by parties closely linked to the USSR)

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14
Q

What were ‘salami tactics’?

A

Communist parties would join with socialists and liberals to gain power, but then isolate and eliminate their rivals ‘slice by slice’

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15
Q

Describe how Poland became a satellite state

A

Provisional government set up in Lublin in 1945, dominated by pro-Moscow communists

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16
Q

Describe how eastern Germany became a satellite state

A

Became a Soviet zone of occupation in 1945; Moscow-trained communists took political control in 1946

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17
Q

Describe how Hungary and Czechoslovakia became satellite states

A

‘Salami tactics’ enabled pro-Soviet governments to control Hungary in 1947 and Czechoslovakia in 1948

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18
Q

Describe how the Baltic States became satellite states

A

Occupied by the USSR in 1940 under the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact

19
Q

Describe how eastern Poland became a satellite state

A

Annexed by the USSR in 1939 under the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact

20
Q

Describe how Yugoslavia became a satellite state

A

Communists led by Josip Tito gained control in 1945

21
Q

What was agreed at the 1943 Tehran conference?

A

The Allies agreed to demand unconditional surrender from Germany

22
Q

What were the tensions at the 1943 Tehran conference?

A
  • Ideological differences
  • Stalin very critical of his Western allies not opening a ‘Second Front’ to relieve the Red Army
23
Q

When did Stalin and Churchill meet in Moscow?

A

Late 1944

24
Q

What did Stalin and Churchill disagree about in Moscow in 1944?

A

The future of Poland

25
Q

What was the February 1945 Yalta conference dominated by?

A

Conflicting ideas about the post-war borders of Germany and Poland

26
Q

How did the 1945 Potsdam conference end and why?

A

With no final peace agreement because differences that had been ignored at Yalta became more urgent

27
Q

What was clear by 1945?

A

How the USSR was asserting political control over the countries it had liberated

28
Q

What were the 3 main stages of the breakdown of East-West relations?

A
  1. 1946
  2. 1947-48
  3. 1948-49
29
Q

Key aspects of Stage 1 of the breakdown of East-West relations

A
  • The USA and Britain were concerned by Soviet expansionism and the demand for a ‘buffer zone’
  • ‘The Long Telegram’
  • Churchill’s ‘iron curtain’ speech
30
Q

What was ‘The Long Telegram’?

A

A report from Moscow by American Diplomat George Kennan in 1946, urging the USA to contain the spread of communism in Europe

31
Q

What was Churchill’s ‘iron curtain’ speech?

A

Speech from former PM in March 1946, warning of an ‘iron curtain’ dividing Europe, advising that ‘strength’ was needed to deal with the USSR

32
Q

Key aspects of Stage 2 of the breakdown of East-West relations

A
  • Economic decline and instability in Western Europe by 1947
  • Strong communist parties in Italy and France
  • The Truman Doctrine and the subsequent US policy of containment in 1947
  • The Marshall Plan
33
Q

What was the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan and why?

A

Hostile, Stalin believed it would extend US influence

34
Q

What was the Marshall Plan?

A

A policy to provide US aid for European economic recovery announced June 1947

35
Q

Key aspects of Stage 3 of the breakdown of East-West relations

A
  • Control of Berlin
  • The Berlin Blockade
  • NATO
  • First successful test of the Soviet atomic bomb
  • Victory for the communist party in the Chinese Civil War
36
Q

Why was control over Berlin a contentious topic?

A

Because it was the capital city but was located in the Soviet zone

37
Q

What happened in the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49?

A

Stalin cut off all road and rail links between Berlin and the Western zones of Germany, hardening the division of Germany

38
Q

What does NATO stand for?

A

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

39
Q

When was NATO formed?

A

1949

40
Q

How did the USSR see the establishment of NATO?

A

As a hostile act

41
Q

Why was NATO set up?

A

For the defence of Europe

42
Q

Why might Stalin’s inner circle have delayed calling for a doctor after his stroke?

A

Many felt under threat of a new purge; Stalin’s behaviour was increasingly menacing and unpredictable in early 1953, suggesting a new wave of repression and terror might occur if he recovered

43
Q

What are the 9 elements of Stalin’s legacy at home and abroad?

A
  • He left no clear successor
  • Cold War tensions
  • Long-term underinvestment in agriculture and consumer goods
  • Psychological damage to survivors of terror
  • Demographic damage to the USSR from terror and famine
  • The spread of Stalinism to Europe and Asia
  • National prestige following victory over Germany
  • The USSR as a nuclear superpower
  • The USSR as an industrial power