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AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) > Chapter 20 - Stalin and international relations > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Stalin and international relations Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was Soviet Russia internationally isolated after the 1917 Revolution?

A

The West: scared of being ‘infected’ by communism, wary of role of the Comintern

The USSR: feared counter-revolution

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2
Q

What did Stalin’s rapid industrialisation depend on?

A

Foreign expertise, especially from Germany & the USA

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3
Q

When was the most intensive period of Soviet cooperation with Germany?

A

1929-32

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4
Q

What proportion of the foreigners working in the USSR were German?

A

Of the 9000 working in 1930, about 70% were German and most of the rest American

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5
Q

How did Germans working in the USSR help with industrialisation?

A

They had expertise

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6
Q

What did Germany and the USSR negotiate in 1931?

A

The continuation of the Berlin Treaty

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7
Q

What was the military aspect of the relationship between the USSR and Germany?

A

The USSR benefitted from German military training
The Germans benefitted from access to areas in the USSR where they could carry out military developments banned under the Versailles Treaty

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8
Q

What was the trade relationship between the USSR and Germany?

A

Germany: USSR’s biggest export market
USSR: a major customer for German manufacturing

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9
Q

Why did the USSR need trade with other countries?

A

To pay for industrialisation

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10
Q

What was the Treaty of Berlin?

A

A 1926 treaty which built on the foundations of the Treaty of Rapallo, had significant economic benefits for both countries and opened the way for the USSR to join the League of Nations

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11
Q

When was the USSR invited to join the League of Nations?

A

September 1934

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12
Q

What were the benefits of inviting the USSR to join the League of Nations for the West?

A

It strengthened collective security against aggression from Germany and Japan

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13
Q

What were the benefits of inviting the USSR to join the League of Nations for the USSR?

A

Offered the potential of international cooperation against the anti-communist Hitler
Gave the USSR the opportunity to influence the actions of Britain and France

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14
Q

How might Stalin have welcomed Hitler’s rise to power?

A

As a sign of weakness and division between capitalist countries

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15
Q

When did Stalin move away from cooperation with Germany?

A

When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933

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16
Q

What did Stalin focus more on after moving away from cooperation with Germany?

A

Collective security

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17
Q

Why might Stalin have been slow to react despite the obvious threat to the USSR from Hitler’s regime?

A

He may have hoped for Germany, France and Britain to weaken each other in a war while a neutral USSR grew stronger

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18
Q

When did Stalin sign the non-aggression pact with France?

A

November 1932

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19
Q

When did Stalin sign the non-aggression pact with Poland?

A

December 1932

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20
Q

When did Stalin sign the mutual assistance pacts with France and Czechoslovakia?

A

May 1935

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21
Q

What did the pact with Czechoslovakia say?

A

That the USSR would intervene militarily if Czechoslovakia was attacked by another country as long as France did the same

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22
Q

What were the pacts not followed by?

A

Serious military planning

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23
Q

What change in policy was announced at the Comintern Congress in 1935?

A

Instead of targeting democratic socialists, foreign communist parties were encouraged to form ‘popular fronts’ with the socialists in order to fight fascism

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24
Q

When did the Spanish Civil War break out and why?

A

July 1936
Fascist-supported nationalists aimed to overthrow the socialist Republic

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25
Q

When did the USSR intervene in the Spanish Civil War?

A

September 1936

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26
Q

What did Stalin’s support in the Spanish Civil War consist of?

A

Military equipment and Soviet ‘advisors’

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27
Q

What role did Soviet support play in the first part of the Spanish Civil War?

A

It was significant in helping the Republic to hold off the nationalists

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28
Q

How did Stalin’s strategy in the Spanish Civil War change in 1937?

A

He moved to trying to prolong it to try and wear down the German and Italian forces

29
Q

Why did Stalin believe the Western powers would continue to be weak against the threat from Nazi Germany?

A

France and Britain disappointed him with their weak response to the Spanish Civil War, an opportunity to fight fascism

30
Q

What was the impact of Soviet intervention in the Spanish Civil War?

A

It exacerbated fear and dislike of Soviet communism in the West, weakening the prospects of future collaboration

31
Q

What action did France and Britain take against the German annexation of Austria?

A

Protested against it

32
Q

When did the German annexation of Austria take place?

A

March 1938

33
Q

What did Neville Chamberlain believe the best way to achieve peace in Europe was?

A

The appeasement of Hitler

34
Q

When did the Munich conference take place?

A

September 1938

35
Q

What was discussed at the Munich conference?

A

Germany’s claim to the Sudetenland

36
Q

Who attended the Munich conference?

A

Germany, France, Britain and Italy

37
Q

What was the Sudetenland?

A

The German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia that bordered Germany

38
Q

Who was excluded from the Munich conference?

A

Czechoslovakia and the USSR

39
Q

What was Hitler’s reason for invading Czechoslovakia?

A

He claimed the Sudetenland should be ‘protected’ by becoming part of Germany

40
Q

When did Germany invade Czechoslovakia?

A

March 1939

41
Q

What did the West’s handling of the Czechoslovakia issue tell Stalin?

A

That the USSR shouldn’t expect any robust opposition from the West to stop further German aggression, or expect the West to join Russia in an anti-Hitler stance

42
Q

Why was Stalin very concerned about Japanese aggression in the 1930s?

A

Japan’s military dictatorship had built up a powerful army

43
Q

Who signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, when and what did it threaten?

A

Japan and Germany in 1936 (Italy joined 1937)
Joint action against Comintern interference in their countries

44
Q

When and where did the USSR defeat Japan?

A

Khalkhin Gol in Soviet Mongolia, August 1939

45
Q

What led to the development of the war between Japan and the USSR?

A

Minor border confrontations

46
Q

When did the war between Japan and the USSR begin?

A

May 1939

47
Q

Which Japanese invasions were significant threats to the USSR?

A

Manchuria, 1931
The rest of China, 1937

48
Q

What percentage of the Japanese forces was killed at Khalkhin Gol?

A

75%

49
Q

What did the war between Japan and the USSR confirm to Stalin?

A

The need to remain militarily strong in the Far East

50
Q

When was the Nazi-Soviet Pact signed?

A

23 August 1939

51
Q

What did the Nazi-Soviet Pact state?

A

Germany and the USSR would respect each other’s territories, increase trade and settle disputes peacefully

52
Q

What did the secret part of the Nazi-Soviet Pact state?

A

It divided eastern Europe into a German and a Soviet sphere of influence

53
Q

How did Stalin’s foreign policy change after signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

It didn’t
He still kept up dialogue with Western democracies and continued anti-Nazi propaganda campaigns

54
Q

How can Stalin’s policy towards Germany be considered consistent?

A

He was always focused on keeping the USSR safe from war

55
Q

How can Stalin’s policy towards Germany be considered inconsistent?

A

He switched between cooperation and conflict

56
Q

What were the benefits of the Nazi-Soviet Pact for Stalin?

A
  • Breathing space to prepare for war
  • The destruction of Poland (strong anti-Soviet)
  • Avoidance of a war on two fronts (G and J)
  • Territorial gains in the West
  • The USSR could stay neutral while the capitalists wore each other out
57
Q

What were the benefits of the Nazi-Soviet Pact for Hitler?

A
  • A free hand to invade Poland
  • Raw materials from the USSR
  • Avoidance of a war on two fronts (USSR and F)
58
Q

When did Germany invade Poland?

A

1 September 1939

59
Q

When did the USSR invade Poland?

A

Two weeks after Germany

60
Q

What did the Nazi-Soviet Pact mean for Hitler during the war?

A

He was free to send his armies west without fear of Soviet reprisals in the East

61
Q

When did Hitler defeat France?

A

May 1940

62
Q

What countries did the USSR seize control of in 1940?

A

The Baltic States (Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia)

63
Q

When did the USSR invade Finland, starting the ‘Winter War’?

A

November 1939

64
Q

What did the ‘Winter War’ show?

A

How weak the Red Army was following the purges

65
Q

When did the ‘Winter War’ end and on what terms?

A

March 1940, Finland gave up 10% of its territory to the USSR

66
Q

Why was Stalin wrong to think he could trust Hitler?

A

He ignored warnings from his extensive spy network that suggested Hitler had already begun preparation for the invasion of the USSR in October 1940

67
Q

When did Stalin think Hitler would invade the USSR, at the earliest?

A

May 1942

68
Q

How long did it take the German army to defeat most of Western Europe?

A

6 weeks

69
Q

When did the Germans invade the USSR?

A

22 June 1941

AQA A Level History Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917-1953 (2N) (51 decks)

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