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JX Flashcards

1
Q

What is the temperature/altimeter error?

A

11°C / 4% Alt Error

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2
Q

What contains altitude corrections for extreme cold (<0 °C)?

A

Flight Information Handbook

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3
Q

What is Indicated Altitude?

A

The altitude as read on the altimeter

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4
Q

What is Absolute Altitude?

A

Aircraft altitude above the ground (AGL)

You ABSOLUTELY cannot go lower

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5
Q

What is True Altitude?

A

The altitude referenced to mean sea level (MSL)

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6
Q

What is Pressure Altitude?

A

The altitude above the standard datum plane

29.92 inHg

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7
Q

What is Density Altitude?

A

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.

Not a height reference, just a performance indicator.

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8
Q

With a pressure change of 1.0 inHg, how many feet will the altimeter change?

A

1000 feet

Also reffered to as the standard pressure lapse rate (1.0inHG/1000ft)

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9
Q

What is the compostion of pure dry air?

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other (mixture of 10 gases)

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10
Q

How much of the atmosphere is composed of water vapor?

A

0 - 5% by volume

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11
Q

What is the height of the troposhere?

A

28,000 (poles) - 55000 (equator)
36000 (over the states)

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12
Q

Where does nearly all weather occur?

A

The Troposphere, because its where the most moisture occurs

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13
Q

What marks the boundary called the tropopause?

A

When there is an abrupt change in the temperature lapse rate.

when temp stops decreasing with alt and remains constant

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14
Q

What is the tropopause?

A

A transition zone between the tropospere and the stratosphere

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15
Q

Where does the jet stream occur?

A

Just below the tropopause. A haze layer with a definite top can be seen visually at this layer.

Expect moderate to severe turbulence in the jet stream

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16
Q

Where do contrails form and persist?

A

The tropopause

because its the coldest area in the lower atmosphere.

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17
Q

What characterizes the stratosphere?

A

the point above the tropopause in which temperature starts to increase (inversion) to 66000 feet

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18
Q

What is the standard temperature lapse rate?

A

2 °C/1000 feet

decrease in temp with increase in alt

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19
Q

What is an isothermal lapse rate?

A

When temp remains constant with increasing altitude

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20
Q

What is an inverted lapse rate?

A

When temp increases with altitude

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21
Q

What is standard pressure?

A

29.92 inHg (1013.2mb)

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22
Q

What is standard temperature?

A

15 °C (59 °F)

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23
Q

What is standard temperature?

A

15 °C (59 °F)

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24
Q

What interval are millibars drawn at on the surface analysis chart?

A

4 mb

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25
Q

What are the average jet stream wind speeds?

A

100-150 knots; sometimes in excess of 250 knots

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26
Q

Which sources reference wind data in TRUE north

A

Charts and Reports

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27
Q

Which sources reference wind data in MAGNETIC north?

A

ATIS, Tower, or RSU

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28
Q

Which direction do winds move around a high pressure area?

A

Clockwise

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29
Q

Which direction do winds move around a low presssure area?

A

Counter-clockwise

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30
Q

How do winds move in relation to isobars above 2000 feet?

A

Parallel

Due to the coriolis effect (called gradient winds)

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31
Q

What is the rate of change in a direction perpendicular to the isobars?

A

Pressure Gradient

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32
Q

What does isobar spacing represent?

A

Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)

PGF acts perpendicular to the isobars

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33
Q

What does isobar spacing represent?

A

Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)

PGF acts perpendicular to the isobars

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34
Q

What is the initiating force for all wind?

A

Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)

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34
Q

Which directions do winds generated by PGF flow at the surface in relation to the isobars?

A

Perpendicular

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35
Q

Which direction does coriolis move air with regards to its original motion?

A

Right. Regardless of a High or Low

*northern hemisphere only

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36
Q

What are gradient winds?

A

The combined effect of PGF and Coriolis Effect

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37
Q

Pressure Gradient Force Circulation

A

Perpendicular to Isobars
Into Low Pressure
Out of High Pressure

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38
Q

Gradient Wind Circulation Above 2000 AGL

A

Parallel to Isobars
CCW around Lows
CW around Highs

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39
Q

Surface Wind Circulation Below 2000 AGL

A

Crossing Isobars at 45°
CCW around and into lows
CW around and out of highs

*created by the balance of friction, reduced coriolis effect, and PGF

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40
Q

Describe the Jet Stream

A

Narrow band of winds moving at 50 knots or greater
Average height = 30000 MSL
1K-3K miles long
100-400 miles wide
3K-7K feet deep
Flows from WEST to EAST

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41
Q

What are local winds?

A

Systems of wind associated with a geographic feature (mountain, body of water etc.)

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42
Q

What is dewpoint?

A

The temperature at which saturation occurs

when mositure becomes visible in air (clouds, fog, precip etc.)

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43
Q

What is Relative Humidity?

A

The percent of saturation in the air as compared to the maximum it could hold at a given temp

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44
Q

What are the three characteristics of precipitation?

A
  1. Showers (cumulus, starts stops rapidly)
  2. Continuous (stratus, gradual changes/steady)
  3. Intermittent (cumulus/stratus, stops and starts at least once during the hour)
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45
Q

Forms of precip

A

Drizzle, Rain, Freezing

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46
Q

Low Clouds

A

Surface to 6500 AGL

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47
Q

MIddle Clouds

A

6500 - 20000 AGL

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48
Q

High Clouds

A

20000 to 40000 AGL

Primarily ice crystals (not an icing hazard)

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49
Q

What makes a cumulonimbus cloud a severe thunderstorm?

A

When the clous extends past the tropopause

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50
Q

4 methods by which air masses are lifted

A
  1. Convergence
  2. Frontal Lifting
  3. Orographic Lifting
  4. Thermal Lifting
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51
Q

Stable Atmosphere

Warm Air Masses

A

Stratus
Smooth Air
Poor Visibility
Steady Winds/Precip
Rime Icing

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52
Q

Unstable Atmosphere

Cold Air Masses

A

Cumulus
Rough Air
Good Visibility
Gusty Winds
Showery Precip
Clear Icing

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53
Q

What is an air mass?

A

A large body of air with uniform TEMP and MOISTURE

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54
Q

How are air masses named?

A

Moisture content, location, and temperature

they can be hundreds to thousand of sq miles

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55
Q

What is a front?

A

A boundary between two air masses.

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56
Q

What is a surface front?

A

The point where a front comes ion conact with the ground

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57
Q

What is a frontal zone?

A

The area that encompasses the weather on eithe side of the front

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58
Q

How are fronts named?

A

According to the temperature change after passage

Temp warmer? Warm front

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59
Q

Three Characteristics of Fronts

A
  1. Always located in a trough
  2. Cold fronts move faster than warm
  3. Passage = 90° shift in winds
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60
Q

What properties are used to classify fronts?

A

Temperature, Dew Point, Pressure, and Wind

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61
Q

Squall Lines

A

50-300 mi AHEAD of cold front/roughly parallel

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62
Q

How do winds shift during a COLD front passage?

A

90° SW to NW

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63
Q

How do winds shift during a WARM front passage?

A

90° SE to SW

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64
Q

How far ahead will a warm front affect the weather?

Cloudiness, Steady precip, reduced vis (Stable)

A

From its surface position to about 500-700 miles ahead

65
Q

What is the wind shift associated with a stationary front?

A

180° (parallel to btoh fronts on either side)

66
Q

What is an occluded front?

A

When a faster moving cold front overtakes a warm front

67
Q

What determines whether an occluded front is warm or cold?

A

Whichever front remains in contact with the ground.

68
Q

What is the wind shift associated with and occluded front?

69
Q

Where is the most severe weather associated with an occluded front located?

A

100 miles south to 300 miles north of the frontal intersection

70
Q

What weather conditions are associted with a stationary front?

A

Less intense warm from conditons that persist for a few days till another front moves it out.

71
Q

What weather conditions are associated with an occluded front?

A

a combination of a warm and cold fronts

72
Q

What is a dry line?

AKA Dew Point Line

A

the boundary between moist and dry air masses

73
Q

What weather is associated with a dry line?

A

Rapidly forming thunderstorms

74
Q

4 Turbulence Intensities

A
  1. Light
  2. Moderate
  3. Severe
  4. Extreme
75
Q

3 Durations of Turbulence

A
  1. Occasional (Less that 1/3)
  2. Intermittent (1/3-2/3)
  3. Continuous (More than 2/3)
76
Q

Turbulence Classifcations

A
  1. Thermal
  2. Mechanical
  3. Frontal
  4. Wind Shear
77
Q

Clear Air Turbulence

A

A type a wind shear turbulence associated with the jet stream. Occurs from 23000-39000 feet

Lenticular and rotor clouds indicate CAT

78
Q

Mountain Wave Turbulence

A

type of mechanical turbulence. 150 miles from mountains. Up/Downdrafts 5000 fpm

79
Q

What clouds denote mountain wave turbulence?

A

Cap Clouds
Cirrocumulus Standing Lenticular
Altocumulus Standing Lenticular
Rotor Clouds

80
Q

Mountain Wave Turbulence Avoidance

A

Circumnavigate if possible
Fly 50% higher than the mountain peak
Avoid rotor, cap, and lenticular clouds
Approach range at 45° angle
Avoid downdrafts on the leeward side

81
Q

Which fronts are more commonly associated with turbulence?

A

Cold Fronts (particularly fast moving ones)

warm associated to a lesser degree

82
Q

What is wind shear?

A

The change in wind direction/speed over a short horizontal/vertical distance

83
Q

What is the RECOMMENDED Turbulent Air Penetration Speed

84
Q

Turblent Air Penetration Speed (Vg)

85
Q

What are the two classifications of icing?

A

Structural and Engine (Induction) Icing

86
Q

Clear Icing

A

0 to -10°C
Lumpy/translucent/clear/smooth
Forms horns or other complex shapes
Found in Cumulus/Unstable conds

87
Q

Rime Icing

A

-10°C to -20°C
Milky/rough/opaque
Forms conformal/wedge shaped accretions
Found in stratiform/stable conds

88
Q

MIxed Icing

A

-15°C to -20°C

89
Q

4 Levels of Icing

A

Trace
Light
Moderate
Severe

90
Q

Three types of Icing

A

Clear
Rime
Mixed

91
Q

Trace Icing

A

When ice becomes perceptible

92
Q

Light Icing Accumulation

A

1/4 inch in 15-60 mins

93
Q

Moderate Icing Accumulation

A

1/4 inch in 5-15 mins

94
Q

Severe Icing Accumulation

A

1/4 inch in less than 5 mins

95
Q

Frontal Icing Warm Front

A

3000 feet thick
100-200 miles ahead

Particularly noticeable in fast moving warm fronts

96
Q

Frontal Icing Cold Front

A

100 miles to the rear of cold front
Usually spotty and light

97
Q

Structural Icing Aerodynamic Effects

2 min exposure

A

Double Drag
Reduce lift 25-30%
Reduce critical AOA 8°
Higher Stall Speed

98
Q

What are the greatest hazards of engine icing?

A

Reduced airflow and engine FOD

99
Q

Prevailing Visibility

A

Total visibility over half the horizon circle or greater

100
Q

What is required for fog to form?

A

condensation nuclei
low temp/DP spread (5°F/3°C)
light surface winds (less than 10 knots)

101
Q

Slant-Range Visibility

A

Visibility from cockpit to the ground (view down the approach path)

Indicates break out

102
Q

Runway Visual Range

A

Max Vis down the centerline at a given height.

Reported in feet or meters

103
Q

Obscured Visibilty

A

Something is blocking your view of the sky AND clouds

reported as vertical vis if entire sky obscured

104
Q

FEW

Cloud Coverage

105
Q

SCT

Cloud Coverage

A

3/8 to 1/2

106
Q

BKN

Cloud Coverage

A

5/8 to 7/8

107
Q

OVC

Cloud Coverage

A

8/8 (fully covered)

108
Q

Are ceilings reported in AGL or MSL?

109
Q

What is a ceiling?

A

The first BKN or OVC layer

110
Q

Radiation Fog

A

cause by cooling of the earths surface.
Develops only at night/over land

111
Q

Advection Fog

A

generated by fog in motion.
occurs along coastlines
can last for days

112
Q

Upslope Fog

A

occurs due to adiabatic cooling of rising air

113
Q

Frontal Fog

A

Occurs in conjunction with the frontal surface in the colder mass

114
Q

Freezing Fog

A

Occurs when temp below freezing

May produce icing if dense enough

115
Q

Ice Fog

A

Occurs @ -30°C (22°F)

Too cold for icing to occur on acft surfaces

116
Q

What atmospheric conditions are required to make a Thunderstorm?

A

Moisture
Unstable Air
Lifting Actions

117
Q

What is a Gust Front?

A

line of dangerously gusty winds created on the leading edge of an advancing thunderstorm.

AKA Outflow Boundary

118
Q

What are the effects of Turbulence?

A

changes in altitude
structural damage
extra stress on the airframe

119
Q

What is a Roll Cloud?

A

relatively rare, low-level horizontal, tube-shaped cloud completely detached from the cumulonimbus base

120
Q

What is a Wall Cloud?

A

local, often abrupt lowering from a cumulonimbus cloud base, normally a kilometer or more in diameter. Good indicator of tornados

121
Q

Which clouds indicate Low Level Wind Shear?

With Extreme Turbulence

A

Roll clouds and Wall clouds

122
Q

What are the hazards of lightning?

A

Can strike aircraft flying in the clear
Structural damage is possible
Catastrophic fuel ignition possible
Pilot flash blindness

123
Q

Tornado Windspeeds and Size

A

Couple hundred yards to 1.5 miles
300 mph vortex
30-40 mph forward motion

124
Q

Lightning strikes commonly occur on aircraft within XXXX feet of the freezing level?

125
Q

The strength of radar echoes has a direct relationship with

A

Presence of aircraft icing
Intensity of turbulence

126
Q

What does scale indicate on NEXRAD?

127
Q

What does the height of CB cloud tops indicate

NEXRAD

128
Q

Thunderstorm Penetration Procedures

A

Penetrate perpendicular to minimize time in storm.
Penetrate the storm below the freezing level or above the -15° C level. Minimum altitude 4000 to 6000 feet AGL above the highest terrain.

129
Q

Altitude Overflying a Thunderstorm

A

1000 feet per 10 knots of wind at the cloud tops

130
Q

Microburst Characteristics

A

2-5 minute duration
6000 fpm downdrafts
150 mph wind speeds
less than 2.5 mi diameter

131
Q

Microburst Development is generally associated with what months of the year?

132
Q

METAR Issuance

A

Hourly, 55-59 past the hour

133
Q

Two types of routine weather reports

A

METAR and SPECI

134
Q

What is a SPECI?

A

special, unscheduled observation containing all the data elements found in a METAR whenever critical data have changed from the previous observation.

135
Q

Two Sections that make up a METAR

A

Body and Remarks

136
Q

Pub that contains METAR Abbreviations

A

AFMAN 15-111 Chap 10

137
Q

PO

METAR

A

Well Developed Dust Swirls

Other

138
Q

MI

METAR

A

Shallow

Descriptor

139
Q

BC

METAR

A

Patches

Descriptor

140
Q

DR

METAR

A

Low Drifting

Descriptor

141
Q

DZ

METAR

A

Drizzle

Precip

142
Q

GS

METAR

A

Snow Pellets

Precip

143
Q

SG

METAR

A

Snow Grains

Precip

144
Q

FU

METAR

A

Smoke

Obcuration

145
Q

GR

METAR

A

Hail

Precip

146
Q

CIG

METAR

147
Q

Whats is a TAF?

A

an airport forecast for a specific period (usually 30 hours, but in some cases could be 24 hours).

used for VFR/IFR plannning reqs

148
Q

Severe Weather Watch is define by:

A

Frequent lightning
50 mph winds
3/4 in hail

149
Q

When do air traffic facilities solicit PIREPS?

A

ceiling below 5000
visibility less than 5 mi

150
Q

Surface Analysis Charts

A

Depict pressure centers, fronts, and precipitation lines.
Past snapshit, not a forecast.

151
Q

Prog Charts

152
Q

What is the unit used to measure radar returns?

A

Decibels (db)

returns indicate intensity

153
Q

Winds aloft Prog Charts

A

Present observed and average forecast winds for diff flight levels

154
Q

Weather Watch Bulletins

A

WW in heading
issued for Severe TStorms, Nados, and Funnel clouds

155
Q

Sever Weather Forecast Alert

A

AWW
Lets ussrs know a WW will be issued

156
Q

SIGMET Valid Time

A

up to 4 hours

157
Q

DD 175-1

A

Weather briefing

158
Q

9900

Winds Aloft

A

Light and variable winds aloft

159
Q

9999

TAF

A

Visibilty greater than 7SM

160
Q

Icing Group Prefix Number

TAF

161
Q

When is VRB used fro wind direction?

TAF

A

Under 6 knots

T6 (13 decks)

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