FO Flashcards
Response for traffic not in sight
No Joy
Response for traffic in sight
Tally Ho
Number 1 Clearing Procedures
Clears for the flight
Knows where number 2 is at all times
Loosens formation for number 2 to help clear
Clearing Procedures Number 2
Helps clear for the flight
Knows where number 1 is at all times
Stays aware (clears through 1 in fingertip, clears more when not in fingertip)
Number 1 Responsibilities
- Clearing
- Planning
- Monitoring #2
- Navigation
- Communication
Number 2 Responsibilities
- Dont hit #1
- Keep #1 In Sight
- Be In Position and on Frequency
- Clear for the formation (through #1)
- Back Up #1
Who has primary responsibility for collision avoidance?
2
3 tenets of radio discipline
Clear
Concise
Correct
Frequency change - Go
Number 2 must acknowledge
Frequency Change - PUSH
2 changes freq without acknowledgement
What is the procedure if #1 changes #2 to the wrong freq?
2 must go tot the freq and wait for #1 to give visual signals
DO NOT HUNT for #1
When #1 issues a frequency change in fingertip VMC…
2 automatically moves to route, unless in something wider than fingertip
Climb Check Response
OBOGS Good
Ops Check Response
Fuel (in in hundreds of pounds)
When can #2 respond ‘same’ with Gx and Fuel?
w/in 50 pounds and .5 Gs
Battle Damage Check (check mark hand signal)
Auto move out to route go high and look at opposite wing. Crossunder maintaining nose tail separation and complete check on other side then return to starting side in route position.
When is KIO used?
Safety of flight or when doubt/confusion exists.
When is terminate used?
cease maneuvering and proceed as directed
1 responsibilities with a KIO
Continue current maneuver without changing power setting.
Upon hearing KIO or observing continuous shallow wing rock, all aircraft will:
Clear the flight path
Cease maneuvering
Acknowledge with C/S (wing rock with comms fail)
Obtain verbal clearance before resuming maneuvers
What is the difference between lost wingman and breaking out?
IMC vs VMC respectively
Who initiates a lost wingman?
2 (#1 never goes lost wingman)
Number #1 Radio call in lost wingman
Immediately transmit attitude including bank angle
When do you initiate a breakout?
SHIT
SA loss
Hazard to flight
In front or under
Told to breakout
Wings level lost wingman
15 degree turn away for 15 seconds then resume heading and proceed on separate clearance
Lead Change Procedure
Move out to route
Acknowledge with head nod or radio call when abeam
Squawk ALT and turn on TAS
Heading Crossing Angle is also referred to as
Angle Off
Aspect Angle
6 o’clock position = 0 aspect
3-9 o’clock (wings) = 90 aspect
What is the lift vector?
A vector always pointed straight through the top of the canopy
(Use CFS cord as visual)
Velocity vector is
Where the aircraft is going (NOT where it is pointed)
Controlled by changing airspeed
AFT LOS
Aircraft is moving aft in the canopy
Forward LOS
aircraft is moving forward in the canopy
Lead Pursuit
AA and closure will increase
HCA will decrease
AFT LOS - No LOS (or minimal FWD LOS)
Pure Pursuit
Initially creates closure that diminishes over time
Initially no LOS
AA = HCA
Eventually becomes LAG with diminishing AA
LAG Pursuit
AA Decreases
HCA Increases
Fingertip Description
10 feet of wingtip separation
6 AA
Fingertip Spacing Correction Priorities
Stack (pitch)
Line (power)
Spacing
Route Spacing
two ship widths
No more than 500 feet
No further aft the 6 AA
Level Stack (helmet on horizon)
Crossunder Description
Signaled by a shallow dip in direction of crossunder or radio call
Maintain nose-tail separation
Keep canopy bow on #1s tail
Pull a little power to get FWD LOS then a few degrees of HCA
Echelon Turn
Use bank to correct vertical
Power to correct fore and aft
Back pressure to maintain spacing
Reforms
Used to bring #2 in from close trail, fighting wing, or route.
Reforms may be to route or fingertip
Rejoins
Practiced from pitchouts after #2 has taken spacing
Standard rejoin airspeed
180 KIAS
When does #1 have to call out current airspeed on a rejoin?
If it varies by more than 10 knots
What side do you perform a rejoin unless directed otherwise?
Left
How much overtake should you use in a straight ahead rejoin?
20-30 knots.
Make a bid at 500 feet on 0AA (when you see pitot tubes)
Reduce PCL at same rate of AFT LOS
Turning Rejoin
Normally accomplished inside the turn @ 30 degrees of bank
Start by using 20-30 knots of closure and lead pursuit
Straight ahead rejoin overshoot
Maintain lateral spacing on a divergent HCA
No need to breakout if flight paths are divergent
Turning Rejoin Overshoot
Plan to cross under #1s 6 oclock with two ship lengths.
If unable to maintain two ship lengths..breakout
Fighting Wing Desciption
30-45 degree cone
500-1000 feet aft
When do you place number two on the outside of the turn for wing takeoff?
IMC and winds less than 5 knots
When do you place number 2 on the inside of a turn during a wing takeoff?
VMC and winds less than 5 KTS
What side is number 2 on for wing takeoffs with winds greater than 5 kts?
Upwind
You wingman takes the fat (chick) side of the sock
Minimum wingtip distance during wing takeoff?
20 feet
Instrument Trail Departure
no less than 20 secs spacing
160 KIAS
30 degrees of bank
Wing work level 1
30 AOB
+/- 10 Pitch
1-2 Gs
120 KIAS
Wing Work Level 2
60 AOB
+/- 25 Pitch
1-2 Gs
120 KIAS min
Wing Work Level 3
90 AOB
+/- 35 Pitch
3GS
120 KIAS min
Close Trail
1-2 aircraft lengths
Can be directed from fingertip, route, or echelon
How long must you maintain stack level on a wing takeoff?
Until gear and flaps are up
Pitchout
Level 180 degree turn to provide spacing
2-3 sec delay = 500-1000 feet
5-7 sec delay = 1500-2000 feet
Range Estimation
500’ letters on tail
300’ numbers on tail
When you see this slow to 10 KIAS overtake (rejoin)
Route Position reference
Echelon reference for the vertical
Turning rejoin AA and closure
3-4.5 AA
20 KTS closure
What do you need for gear retraction?
110 knots and 2 safely airborne
What is a head nod used for?
Execution of whatever maneuver is being set up
Visual signal for attention in a KIO?
Rapid shallow continuous wing rock
Rejoin visual signal
Non continuous slow wing rock
What does a position change mean?
Swapping responsibilities for do not hit lead
What is route spacing?
2-4 ship widths
Cons of visual signals
Thy take more time
Vis can be compromised by WX sun night
HEFOE is somewhat vague
Why position must you be in to do a lead change?
Wings level route
2 Missed Approach procedures
Use normal procedures
10-15NH
PCL MAX
Formation Pattern
Be slightly wide on outside downwind
Turning rejoin overshoots min spacing
Must have 2 ship-lengths behind lead
Chase Ship Position
30-60 degree cone 1000 feet
Will not stack lower than lead below 1000AGL
6 factors that have caused a collision
Failure of #1 to monitor #2
Failure to execute lost wingman
Failure to recognize overtake
Failure to maintain separation
Failure to call blind and maneuver to safest direction
Failure to consider wingtip vortices
Maximum Bank Angle for Echelon turns
60
How do you accomplish a crossunder?
Get nose tail sep with power reduction then dip wings in direction you want to go
Echelon visual references
Fuselage through the horizon
Most of aft canopy bow over trailing edge of wing
During a turning rejoin plan to arrive in route positon…
Co-speed with no angle off
How does #1 direct close trail?
A radio call
Wings level lost wingman
15 AOB/15 Secs/Resume course
What is the weather required for a formation penetration?
500’ ceiling 1.5SM min
All turns in the pattern are
Away from #2 using echelon
During traffic pattern and landing from the break #1 should
Land on the downwind side
In fingertip what is your AA and Angle Off
60, 0
When recovering with NORDO, the operable aircraft leads the formation until
Runway in sight with clearance to land
When do you stack level on a formation approach?
After breaking out of the weather, NLT 1/2 mile from touchdown
How far down should #1 plan to land on the runway in a form landing?
1000 feet
Characteristics of proper visual signals
Appropriate time
Contrasting background
Acknowledgement
Current flight condition
Weather mins for interval takeoff
1500/3
Overshoot is indicated by
Too much closure/too much angle off
MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WHEN GIVING VISUAL SIGNALS
Signal must be seen
Radio Discipline priorities:
Safety of flight
Mission accomplishment
Flight Management
Ops check
She are the three times a malfunction aircraft will be offered number 1?
When the emergency occurs
On recovery when VFR
On final with field in sight
Reason for form flying
Mutual Support
ET Safety Bubble
300 feet
Inside bubble KIO
ET maneuver limit
500 foot slant range
Level 1 ET parameters
30-60 bank
2 Gs
50% PCL
Level 2 ET parameters
120 AOB
Moderate Gs
85% PCL
Modified Lazy Eights
