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AP Flashcards

1
Q

Define Human Factors

A

Human Factors is concerned to optimize the relationship between people and their activities, by the systematic application of human sciences, integrated within the framework of systems engineering.

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2
Q

In modern aviation, human factors have historically accounted for what percentage of accidents?

A

60-80%

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3
Q

What are the 5 SHELL model components

A

Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware, and you

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4
Q

What is the standard lapse rate?

A

2 degrees C every 1000’

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5
Q

What is the atmospheric composition?

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other

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6
Q

Name the 3 Physiological Divisions of the Atmosphere and their altitudes

A

SL - 10000’ (Physiological Zone)
10000’ - 50000’ (Physiologically Deficient Zone)
50000’ and above (Space Equivalent Zone)

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7
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A

This principle explains how exposure to a high ambient altitude can reduce the available oxygen. Nitrogen takes up more space at lower pressure making oxygen less available. PN2, PO2, PCO2

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8
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

This principle explains why a balloon expands as it ascends and also why a volume of air expands when trapped in a body cavity when the pressure is reduced around it.

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9
Q

Henry’s Law

A

This principle explains why nitrogen bubbles may come out of solution in body tissues during ascent. The nitrogen bubbles can lead to altitude-induced decompression sickness. Think the bends (DCS)

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10
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

Think about temp changes with volume. This is the cold aerosol can law.

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11
Q

Gaseous Diffusion

A

A gas will diffuse from an area of higher concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration. the physiological significance of this law relates to the transfer of gases between the blood or other body fluids and the tissues they contact.

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12
Q

Phases of Respiration

A

Ventilation, Diffusion (1), Transportation, Diffusion (2), Utilization

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13
Q

Name the 4 types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxic, Histotoxic, Hypemic, Stagnant

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14
Q

What is the most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions?

A

PCO2

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15
Q

What is the normal breathing rate of an average adult?

A

12 – 16 breaths per minute

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16
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

The primary purpose of the red blood cell (RBC) is to transport O2 and CO2.

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17
Q

passive component of respiration

A

exhalation

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18
Q

Circulatory system components

A

Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries

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19
Q

Aerospace factors affecting the delivery of O2

A

Altitude, G-Forces, Toxic Gases, Dehydration

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20
Q

Define Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

when there is a reduction of the PO2 in the lungs

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21
Q

Name several factors that affect the development of hypoxic hypoxia

A

Cabin altitude
Climb rate
Duration of exposure
Individual tolerance
Physical fitness and activity
Self imposed and environmental stress

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22
Q

Primary Advantage of pressurization

A

Hypoxia Prevention

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23
Q

What is pressure breathing?

A

When inhalation becomes passive and exhalation becomes active. Happens at 40000’. 100% O2 is no longer enough. must be pressurized.

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24
Q

Slow Decomp Time Range

A

greater than 15 secs

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25
Rapid Decomp Time Range
.5 < 15 secs
26
Explosive Decomp Time Range
.2 < .5 secs
27
Anatomic Blindpsot
natural, born with it.
28
Physiologic Blindspot
At the fovea (night blindspot)
29
Types of vision
Photopic (day), Mesopic (dusk/dawn), Scotopic (night)
30
PLF (parachute landing fall)
balls of feet, side calf, side thigh, butt, shoulders
31
Focal vision field of view
3 degrees
32
Peripheral vision field of view
150 degrees
33
Best scan technique for ambient vision
opposite of reading, bottom to top/right to left.
34
factors that can affect night vision
DEATH Drugs, Eating, Alcohol, Tobacco, Hypoglycemia
35
night vision scanning technique
diamond technique with 2 sec pauses around foveal blindspot.
36
Levels of awareness
1. Perception (Basic, Slow) 2. Comprehension (Intermediate) 3. Projection (Advanced)
37
Primary Types of info processing
Conscious (Slow/Accurate), Subconcious (Quick/Needs oversight)
38
PRC 90 Radio Frequencies
243 Primary 282.8 Secondary
39
Loss of SA causes
Fixation, Fatigue, Diversions, Task Saturation
40
three types of spatial disorientation
Type I Unrecognized Type 2 Recognized Type 3 Incapacitating
40
41
Somatosensory System
basically your sense of touch. using pressure points to feel what the aircraft is doing (very unreliable)
42
TUC Altitudes
FL180/20-30 mins FL250/3-5 mins FL280/2-3 mins FL300/1-2 mins FL350/30-60 secs
43
Hypocapnia
Hyperventilation, eliminating too much CO2
44
how long does the flare last
16-20 secs visible 7 mi day (smoke) in the 30 mi at night (flare)
45
vestibular system
coordinates eyes and body with head rotation
46
AFMAN
11-202 vol 3 chap 3
47
Advantages/Disadvantages of cabin press
advantage prevents hypoxia and DCS. disadvantage is explosive decomp
48
3 ejection factors
altitude attitude velocity
49
autolith canal
senses linear acceleration. think stuff on dash. generates the somatogravic illusions (false pitch, g excess)
50
cycles of breathing while testing oxygen
3 cycles
51
emergency oxygen availability
2-4 minutes 100% O2. 10 mins total O2
52
semicircular canal
senses angular acceleration. generates somatogyral illusions of
53
3 factors that affect severity of decomp
rate, altitude, physical activity, size of hole, and differential.
54
somatogravic illusions
false pitch, g-excess
55
somatogyral illusions
leans, coriolis, nystagmus
56
range of PRC 90
60 miles voice 80 miles beacon 125 miles high power beacon
57
preventing spatial D
trust intruments, find the horizon, minimize head movements.
58
what induces spatial D
lack of visual horizon, acceleration, fatigue, alcohol, task saturation, inaccurate mental model
59
conductive hearing loss
transmission of vibrations issues. mechanical problem
60
sensory hearing loss
hairs on you ear get messed up. cant translate vibrations into a signal.
61
temporary threshold shift
non-permanent hearing loss
62
permanent threshold shift
old people, permanent loss
63
factors affecting G forces effects
magnitude, rate, exposure time, force (pos/neg), previous g exposure
64
Physiologic blind spot
the night blind spot around the fovea where there are no rods to perceive light.
65
Anatomic blind spot
The spot where your retina attaches. slightly outside the para foveal disk
66
4 types of DCS
Bends (joints), Creeps (skin), Chokes (lungs), CNS (brain/spinal cord)
67
binocular range at which depth perception is accurate
600 feet
68
predominant causes of loss of SA
Perception and reaction time
69
tool for preventing LSA (loss of SA)
Constantly assessing (IMSAFE), Contracts, Minimize interruptions, Delegate tasks
70
T6 Pressurization Schedule
0-8000 unpressurized 8000-18069 differential is less than 3.6 +/- .2 18069-31000 differential is 3.6 psi
71
Signs of LSA
fixation, distraction, complacency, task saturation, gut feeling, poor comms
72
situational awareness recovery
Aviate Navigate Communicate, break task down to simplest components.
73
physiological factors affecting g-tolerance
Fatigue, drugs, alcohol, hypoglycemia, dehydration
74
linear acceleration
change in speed with no change in direction
75
radial acceleration
a change in direction with no change in speed

T6 (13 decks)

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