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AP Flashcards

1
Q

Define Human Factors

A

Human Factors is concerned to optimize the relationship between people and their activities, by the systematic application of human sciences, integrated within the framework of systems engineering.

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2
Q

In modern aviation, human factors have historically accounted for what percentage of accidents?

A

60-80%

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3
Q

What are the 5 SHELL model components

A

Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware, and you

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4
Q

What is the standard lapse rate?

A

2 degrees C every 1000’

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5
Q

What is the atmospheric composition?

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other

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6
Q

Name the 3 Physiological Divisions of the Atmosphere and their altitudes

A

SL - 10000’ (Physiological Zone)
10000’ - 50000’ (Physiologically Deficient Zone)
50000’ and above (Space Equivalent Zone)

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7
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A

This principle explains how exposure to a high ambient altitude can reduce the available oxygen. Nitrogen takes up more space at lower pressure making oxygen less available. PN2, PO2, PCO2

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8
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

This principle explains why a balloon expands as it ascends and also why a volume of air expands when trapped in a body cavity when the pressure is reduced around it.

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9
Q

Henry’s Law

A

This principle explains why nitrogen bubbles may come out of solution in body tissues during ascent. The nitrogen bubbles can lead to altitude-induced decompression sickness. Think the bends (DCS)

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10
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

Think about temp changes with volume. This is the cold aerosol can law.

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11
Q

Gaseous Diffusion

A

A gas will diffuse from an area of higher concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration. the physiological significance of this law relates to the transfer of gases between the blood or other body fluids and the tissues they contact.

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12
Q

Phases of Respiration

A

Ventilation, Diffusion (1), Transportation, Diffusion (2), Utilization

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13
Q

Name the 4 types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxic, Histotoxic, Hypemic, Stagnant

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14
Q

What is the most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions?

A

PCO2

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15
Q

What is the normal breathing rate of an average adult?

A

12 – 16 breaths per minute

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16
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

The primary purpose of the red blood cell (RBC) is to transport O2 and CO2.

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17
Q

passive component of respiration

A

exhalation

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18
Q

Circulatory system components

A

Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries

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19
Q

Aerospace factors affecting the delivery of O2

A

Altitude, G-Forces, Toxic Gases, Dehydration

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20
Q

Define Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

when there is a reduction of the PO2 in the lungs

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21
Q

Name several factors that affect the development of hypoxic hypoxia

A

Cabin altitude
Climb rate
Duration of exposure
Individual tolerance
Physical fitness and activity
Self imposed and environmental stress

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22
Q

Primary Advantage of pressurization

A

Hypoxia Prevention

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23
Q

What is pressure breathing?

A

When inhalation becomes passive and exhalation becomes active. Happens at 40000’. 100% O2 is no longer enough. must be pressurized.

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24
Q

Slow Decomp Time Range

A

greater than 15 secs

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25
Q

Rapid Decomp Time Range

A

.5 < 15 secs

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26
Q

Explosive Decomp Time Range

A

.2 < .5 secs

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27
Q

Anatomic Blindpsot

A

natural, born with it.

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28
Q

Physiologic Blindspot

A

At the fovea (night blindspot)

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29
Q

Types of vision

A

Photopic (day), Mesopic (dusk/dawn), Scotopic (night)

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30
Q

PLF (parachute landing fall)

A

balls of feet, side calf, side thigh, butt, shoulders

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31
Q

Focal vision field of view

32
Q

Peripheral vision field of view

A

150 degrees

33
Q

Best scan technique for ambient vision

A

opposite of reading, bottom to top/right to left.

34
Q

factors that can affect night vision

A

DEATH Drugs, Eating, Alcohol, Tobacco, Hypoglycemia

35
Q

night vision scanning technique

A

diamond technique with 2 sec pauses around foveal blindspot.

36
Q

Levels of awareness

A
  1. Perception (Basic, Slow)
  2. Comprehension (Intermediate)
  3. Projection (Advanced)
37
Q

Primary Types of info processing

A

Conscious (Slow/Accurate), Subconcious (Quick/Needs oversight)

38
Q

PRC 90 Radio Frequencies

A

243 Primary
282.8 Secondary

39
Q

Loss of SA causes

A

Fixation, Fatigue, Diversions, Task Saturation

40
Q

three types of spatial disorientation

A

Type I Unrecognized
Type 2 Recognized
Type 3 Incapacitating

41
Q

Somatosensory System

A

basically your sense of touch. using pressure points to feel what the aircraft is doing (very unreliable)

42
Q

TUC Altitudes

A

FL180/20-30 mins
FL250/3-5 mins
FL280/2-3 mins
FL300/1-2 mins
FL350/30-60 secs

43
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Hyperventilation, eliminating too much CO2

44
Q

how long does the flare last

A

16-20 secs visible 7 mi day (smoke) in the 30 mi at night (flare)

45
Q

vestibular system

A

coordinates eyes and body with head rotation

46
Q

AFMAN

A

11-202 vol 3 chap 3

47
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of cabin press

A

advantage prevents hypoxia and DCS. disadvantage is explosive decomp

48
Q

3 ejection factors

A

altitude attitude velocity

49
Q

autolith canal

A

senses linear acceleration. think stuff on dash. generates the somatogravic illusions (false pitch, g excess)

50
Q

cycles of breathing while testing oxygen

51
Q

emergency oxygen availability

A

2-4 minutes 100% O2. 10 mins total O2

52
Q

semicircular canal

A

senses angular acceleration. generates somatogyral illusions of

53
Q

3 factors that affect severity of decomp

A

rate, altitude, physical activity, size of hole, and differential.

54
Q

somatogravic illusions

A

false pitch, g-excess

55
Q

somatogyral illusions

A

leans, coriolis, nystagmus

56
Q

range of PRC 90

A

60 miles voice 80 miles beacon 125 miles high power beacon

57
Q

preventing spatial D

A

trust intruments, find the horizon, minimize head movements.

58
Q

what induces spatial D

A

lack of visual horizon, acceleration, fatigue, alcohol, task saturation, inaccurate mental model

59
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

transmission of vibrations issues. mechanical problem

60
Q

sensory hearing loss

A

hairs on you ear get messed up. cant translate vibrations into a signal.

61
Q

temporary threshold shift

A

non-permanent hearing loss

62
Q

permanent threshold shift

A

old people, permanent loss

63
Q

factors affecting G forces effects

A

magnitude, rate, exposure time, force (pos/neg), previous g exposure

64
Q

Physiologic blind spot

A

the night blind spot around the fovea where there are no rods to perceive light.

65
Q

Anatomic blind spot

A

The spot where your retina attaches. slightly outside the para foveal disk

66
Q

4 types of DCS

A

Bends (joints), Creeps (skin), Chokes (lungs), CNS (brain/spinal cord)

67
Q

binocular range at which depth perception is accurate

68
Q

predominant causes of loss of SA

A

Perception and reaction time

69
Q

tool for preventing LSA (loss of SA)

A

Constantly assessing (IMSAFE), Contracts, Minimize interruptions, Delegate tasks

70
Q

T6 Pressurization Schedule

A

0-8000 unpressurized
8000-18069 differential is less than 3.6 +/- .2
18069-31000 differential is 3.6 psi

71
Q

Signs of LSA

A

fixation, distraction, complacency, task saturation, gut feeling, poor comms

72
Q

situational awareness recovery

A

Aviate Navigate Communicate, break task down to simplest components.

73
Q

physiological factors affecting g-tolerance

A

Fatigue, drugs, alcohol, hypoglycemia, dehydration

74
Q

linear acceleration

A

change in speed with no change in direction

75
Q

radial acceleration

A

a change in direction with no change in speed

T6 (13 decks)

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