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T6 > AE > Flashcards

AE Flashcards

1
Q

What is done when a force acts upon a body and moves it?

A

Work

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2
Q

What is a vector?

A

A quantity that indicates magnitude and direction

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3
Q

What is force?

A

A push or pull exerted on a body
F=M(A)

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4
Q

What is mass?

A

The quantity of molecular material that comprises an object

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5
Q

What is volume?

A

The amount of space occupied by an object

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6
Q

What is density?

A

The mass per unit of volume (Mass/Volume)

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7
Q

What is power?

A

The amount of work done over a period of time (Rate)

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8
Q

What is weight?

A

The force with which a mass is attracted to the the earth by gravity

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9
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

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10
Q

How many knots TAS will you gain as altitude increases?

A

3 kts per 1000 feet

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11
Q

What happens to air density and temp as altitude increases?

A

Both decrease

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12
Q

What atmospheric properties affect pressure?

A

Temperature and Density

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13
Q

What is total pressure?

A

Dynamic plus static pressure.

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14
Q

Define True Altitude

A

Height above sea level (MSL)

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15
Q

Define Pressure Altitude

A

Height above the standard datum plane. (29.92)

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16
Q

Define Density Altitude

A

Pressure altitude corrected for temperature

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17
Q

What is the Standard Lapse Rate?

A

2 °C for every 1000 feet

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18
Q

The measure of the average kinetic energy of air particles is called?

A

Temperature

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19
Q

Define Static Pressure

A

The force that air molecules exert upon one another by their random movement

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20
Q

Define Dynamic Pressure

A

The measure of impact pressure of a large group of air molecules moving together

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21
Q

Define Indicated Airspeed

A

Airspeed read off the indicator

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22
Q

Define Calibrated Airspeed

A

Indicated airspeed corrected for indicator errors or minor position errors

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23
Q

Define True Airspeed

A

The actual speed at which an aircraft moves through an air mass

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24
Q

Define Groundspeed

A

True Airspeed corrected for winds

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25
Q

Define Equivalent Airspeed

A

Calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects (negligible for subsonic speeds)

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26
Q

Define Mach Number

A

TAS/Speed of sound

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27
Q

What is adverse yaw?

A

The tendency for an aircraft to yaw opposite of a roll

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28
Q

Define Critical Mach Number

A

Speed with the first evidence of localized supersonic flow

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29
Q

Define Mean Camber Line

A

The line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge of a wing equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces.

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30
Q

Define Wingspan

A

Length, wingtip to wingtip

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31
Q

Define Chordline

A

An infinite line drawn straight through the leading and trailing edges

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32
Q

Define Chord

A

The segment of chordline measured from leading edge to trailing edge

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33
Q

Define Root Chord

A

Chord measured at the root of the wing

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34
Q

Define Tip Chord

A

Chord measured at the tip of the wing

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35
Q

Define Wing Area

A

Wingspan x Average Chord

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36
Q

Define Wing Loading

A

Weight / Wing Area

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37
Q

Define Aspect Ratio

A

Wingspan / Average Chord

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38
Q

What is a positively cambered airfoil?

A

When the Mean Camber Line is above the chord

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39
Q

What is a negatively cambered airfoil?

A

When the Mean Camber Line is below the chord

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40
Q

What is spanwise flow?

A

Airflow that travels along the span of the wing, parallel to the leading edge

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41
Q

Define Pitch Attitude

A

The angle between the longitudinal axis and the horizon (this is NOT the angle of attack)

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42
Q

Define AOA

A

The angle between the chordline and the relative wind

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43
Q

Define the angle of incidence

A

The angle between the chordline and the longitudinal axis. Think of it as the angle the wing is mounted to the aircraft

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44
Q

Define dihedral angle

A

The upward slope of the wings when viewed from head on

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45
Q

Define anhedral angle

A

The downward slope of the wings when viewed head-on (C-17 wings)

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46
Q

Define relative wind

A

The apparent motion of air with respect to the motion of the aircraft. Airflow directly opposite of the flight path

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47
Q

What is the T6 wingspan?

A

33 feet 5 inches

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48
Q

Define wing taper

A

The reduction in chord length from wing root to tip

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49
Q

Define sweep angle

A

the angle between a quarter chord and the lateral axis of the airplane

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50
Q

What is the center of gravity?

A

The point at which all weight is concentrated. It is also the point where all movement on all three axes is MEASURED

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51
Q

What is the aerodynamic center?

A

The center of lift, the point where all aerodynamic forces are ACTING. (typically aft of CG)

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52
Q

Define aerodynamic force

A

The result of pressure and friction distributed over an airfoil

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53
Q

What are the two components of aerodynamic force?

A

Lift and drag

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54
Q

Total drag is comprised of these two types of drag:

A

Parasitic and Induced

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55
Q

What types of drag makeup parasitic drag?

A

Form, Friction, and Interference drag

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56
Q

What three factors of lift can a pilot control?

A

Angle of Attack, Velocity, and Camber (flaps)

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57
Q

What is aerodynamic twist?

A

A decrease in camber from the wing root to the wing tip. (the reason why stalls develop at the root of a wing)

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58
Q

What is geometric twist?

A

A decrease in the angle of incidence between the wing root and the wing tip

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59
Q

What is induced drag?

A

Drag associated with the creation of lift

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60
Q

What is parasitic drag?

A

Drag NOT associated with the creation of lift

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61
Q

What is form drag?

A

Drag created by the shape of the wing (difference in static pressures)

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62
Q

What is friction drag?

A

Drag created by the skin on the aircraft (turbulent airflow at boundary layer)

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63
Q

What is interference drag?

A

Drag created by the mixing of different component airstreams (think wing root/fuselage connection, gear extension)

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64
Q

What causes ground effect?

A

Reduction of induced drag due to a decrease in downwash.

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65
Q

When is induced drag the greatest?

A

Slower airspeeds and high AOA

66
Q

What drag increases with increased Gs?

A

Induced

67
Q

As weight increases, how is equilibrium flight maintained?

A

AOA or Velocity must increase

68
Q

Propeller Output is called:

A

Thrust horsepower

69
Q

Engine Output is called:

A

Shaft horsepower

70
Q

What is propeller efficiency?

A

The ability to convert shaft horsepower into thrust horsepower

71
Q

What factors affect thrust available?

A

PCL setting, Density, and Velocity

72
Q

Define thrust required (TR)

A

Thrust needed to overcome drag

73
Q

Define power required (PR)

A

The amount of power required to produce thrust required

74
Q

Define power available

A

The amount of power an engine is producing given PCL setting, density and velocity

75
Q

Define power excess

A

Power available is greater than power required

76
Q

What type of flaps does the T6 have?

A

Split

77
Q

This component of aerodynamic force acts parallel to the relative wind

A

Drag

78
Q

What negatively affects takeoff performance?

A

High, Hot, Heavy, and Humid (altitude, temp, weight, humidity)

79
Q

Which factor has the greatest effect takeoff performance?

A

Weight

80
Q

Vy

A

Best rate

81
Q

Vx

A

Best angle

82
Q

Best Glide

A

Max range, power-off airspeed. L/Dmax (125 KIAS)

83
Q

Max range

A

Max Distance

84
Q

Max endurance

A

Max Time Aloft (white diamond on AOA)

85
Q

What factors decrease max range and max endurance?

A

Increased weight, high temp, dirty config, lower altitude

86
Q

What factors decrease glide range?

A

Dirty config, lower altitude, headwind, unfeathered prop

87
Q

Do winds have an effect on Max Endurance?

A

No

88
Q

Do winds have an effect on Vy?

A

No

89
Q

Do winds have an effect on Vx?

A

Yes, distance will decreases thus angle is steeper

90
Q

Do winds have an effect on range?

A

Yes. Headwinds decrease, tailwinds increase range

91
Q

What is the T6 glide ratio?

A

11:1 (11,000 feet horizontal for every 1,000 feet vertical)

92
Q

What effect does a tailwind have on glide range?

A

It will increase range

93
Q

What effect does a headwind have on glide range?

A

It will decrease range

94
Q

Does weight have an impact on glide range?

A

NO. It will change the AOA and airspeed, meaning descent will be faster, but NOT the range.

95
Q

Where does max range for a propeller aircraft occur?

A

L/Dmax on the PR curve

96
Q

Where is the region of reverse command?

A

Left of Max Endurance on the PR curve

97
Q

What makes P-factor noticeable?

A

High power settings and a thrust axis above or below relative wind

98
Q

In takeoff or climb, P-Factor will yaw the aircraft which direction?

A

Left

99
Q

In a descent, P-Factor will yaw the aircraft in which direction?

A

Right

100
Q

What direction will torque cause the aircraft to roll?

A

Left (counterclockwise/opposite of the prop rotation)

101
Q

Why does slipstream swirl cause the aircraft to turn left?

A

It increases the AOA of the vertical stab pushing it to the right (nose left)

102
Q

When is slipstream swirl most noticeable?

A

High power settings and low airspeed

103
Q

What causes gyroscopic precession?

A

Pure Fucking Magic buddy

104
Q

What causes P-Factor?

A

One side of the prop is generating more thrust that the other

105
Q

What causes adverse yaw?

A

The drag created by the the up wing

106
Q

Define turn rate

A

The rate of heading change measured in degrees per second

107
Q

Name the two factors that affect turn performance

A

Velocity and Bank Angle

108
Q

Describe laminar airflow

A

Area of the boundary layer where air molecules flow smoothly within the streamline

109
Q

What force opposes and controls the adverse pressure gradient?

A

the kinetic energy of the relative wind

110
Q

What is boundary layer separation?

A

The point in the streamline where airflow no longer adheres to the airfoil

111
Q

What causes boundary layer separation?

A

The decreasing ratio of kinetic energy vs. adverse pressure gradient

112
Q

What is the point of stall on the CL curve?

A

CLmax

113
Q

Define a stall

A

The condition in flight where an increase in AOA results in a decrease in CL

114
Q

What are the aerodynamic factors associated with increased thrust that impact stall characteristics?

A

Vertical Thrust Component and Propeller Acceleration Factor

115
Q

How does the Vertical Thrust Component affect stall characteristics?

A

It acts in the same direction as lift, lowering stall airspeed

116
Q

How does the Propeller Acceleration Factor affect stall characteristics?

A

It increases airflow over the wings (relative wind kinetic energy), lowering stall speed

117
Q

What direction does roll tend to go in a power-off stall?

A

Right

118
Q

What causes a right roll tendency in power-off stalls?

A

The engine being mounted 1 degree right and 2 degrees down from centerline

119
Q

What factors affect stall airspeed?

A

Weight, Altitude, and Load Factor (Gs)

120
Q

Power-on stalls have a tendency to roll which direction?

A

Left, primarily due to torque

121
Q

In what order are controls lost in a stall?

A
  1. Aileron
  2. Elevator
  3. Rudder
122
Q

What is the most effective flight control surface in a stall?

A

Rudder

123
Q

What is the least effective control surface in a stall?

A

Aileron

124
Q

What do leading-edge slats do?

A

Control how far aft boundary layer separation occurs

125
Q

When does the stick shaker activate?

A

15-16 Units AOA, 5-10 Knots above stall speed

126
Q

Post-stall gyration tendencies are greater when:

A

Stalls are entered are a higher airspeed

127
Q

Post-stall gyration tendencies are lower when:

A

Stalls are entered at a lower airspeed

128
Q

What are two non-pilot sources of yaw?

A

Wake turbulence and fuel imbalance

129
Q

What is autorotation?

A

Combination of roll and yaw that gets progressively worse due to asymmetrically stalled wings

130
Q

In a spin which wing will have the higher AOA?

A

The down-going wing (inside wing)

131
Q

What two aerodynamic factors affect spins?

A

Conservation of Angular Momentum (MAIN FACTOR) and acceleration factor

132
Q

How does anti-spin rudder aid in recovery?

A

Slows rotation and decreases AOA

133
Q

What is an accelerated spin?

A

A spin with the stick anywhere but full aft

134
Q

What is an unaccelerated spin?

A

A spin with the stick in full aft

135
Q

What causes a progressive spin?

A

Full up elevator with anti-spin rudder (characterized by nose drop and spin reversal)

136
Q

What causes an aggravated spin?

A

Forward of neutral stick with pro-spin rudder (characterized by immediate nose down and increased spin rate)

137
Q

How does decreased weight affect a spin?

A

Quicker spin entry and recovery, increased oscillations

138
Q

How does increased weight affect a spin?

A

Slower spin entry and recovery, less oscillations

139
Q

Why is a left spin different than a right spin?

A

Gyroscopic Precession

140
Q

Gyroscopic Precession RIGHT spin characteristics

A

Stabilizes at LOWER pitch
Stabilizes SLOWER with MORE oscillation
INCREASED rotation rate

141
Q

Gyroscopic Precession LEFT spin characteristics

A

Stabilizes at HIGHER pitch
Stabilizes FASTER with LESS oscillation
DECREASED rotation rate

142
Q

When do Wingtip Vortices stop?

A

When the nosewheel touches the ground

143
Q

What is the minimum spacing for wake turbulence avoidance for LANDING?

A

2 mins for large aircraft/3 mins for heavy

144
Q

How fast does wake turbulence sink?

A

450-500 fpm

145
Q

How far below an aircraft does wake turbulence level off?

A

800-900 feet

146
Q

Contrast a slip vs a skid

A

Slip = insufficient rudder
Skid = too much rudder

147
Q

Why must back pressure be added in a turn?

A

increase total lift, vertical component of lift must equal weight

148
Q

Why must power be increased in a turn?

A

Increased AOA means higher induced drag

149
Q

Define Limit Load factor

A

Max Load w/o damage (OPS LIMIT)

150
Q

Define Ultimate Load factor

A

Max Load w/o FAILURE

151
Q

Define Manuevering Speed

A

Max Speed where abrupt controls will not cause damage

152
Q

Define Asymmetric Gs

A

Pulling Gs while rolling or yawing

153
Q

What happens when the stick is full aft in a spin?

A

Pitch flattens and the rotation rate decreases

154
Q

What factors affect wingtip vortex strength?

A

weight, speed, and configuration

155
Q

When is wake turbulence generated?

A

Anytime an aircraft is producing lift

156
Q

What is the minimum spacing for wake turbulence avoidance on TAKEOFF?

A

2 mins

157
Q

What is the maximum airspeed adjustment for wind shear?

A

10 knots

158
Q

Describe decreasing performance wind shear

A

Lift/Climb - DECREASE
Airspeed/VSI - DECREASE

159
Q

Describe increasing performance wind shear

A

Lift/Climb - INCREASE
Airspeed/VSI - INCREASE

160
Q

With a 15 knot loss reported, what action do you take?

A

Flaps - Takeoff
Add 10 knots to airspeed
Anticipate long landing

T6 (13 decks)

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