Joyce Travelbee: Human to Human Relationship Model Flashcards
Created the Human-to-Human Relationship Model. Her career dealt predominantly with psychiatric nursing and education.
Joyce Travelbee
Defined as a human being. Both the nurse and the patient are human beings.
Person
Either subjective or objective
Health
NOT clearly defined
Environment
An interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an individual, family or community to prevent or cope with the experience of illness and suffering, and if necessary to find meaning in these experiences.
Nursing
- Nursing is fulfilled by means of human-to-human relationship.
- Achieving the goal of nursing necessitates a genuine human-to-human relationship, which can only be established by an interaction process
Assumptions of the Theory
- Focuses on the interpersonal aspects of nursing, with a particular emphasis on mental health
- The Human-to-Human relationship is the means through which the purpose of nursing is fulfilled.
- Nursing is achieved through the human-to-human relationships, which begin with the initial encounter and progress through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and finally feelings of sympathy
- Travelbee’s grand theory of Human-to-Human Relationships gives nurses the foundation they need to connect therapeutically with other humans. The assumptions involve humans, who are nurses, relating to humans who are suffering, are in distress, or are at risk of suffering.
Basic definition of Human-to Human Relationship
Emotional knowledge colors impressions and perceptions of both nurse and patient during initial encounters. The task is “to break the bond of categorization in order to perceive the human being in the patient” and vice versa.
The Phase of the Original Encounter
Individually defined state of well-being in accord with self-appraisal of physical-emotional-spiritual status.
Subjective health
An absence of discernable disease, disability of defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests, and assessment by the spiritual director or psychological counselor.
Objective health
Separating oneself and one’s experiences from others AND recognizing the different qualities that each possesses, transcending roles by separating self and experiences from one another – not using oneself to judge others. Tasks include and avoiding “using oneself as a yardstick” by which to evaluate others. Barriers to such tasks may be due to role envy, lack of interest in others, inability to transcend the self, or refusal to initiate emotional investment. This phase is described by the nurse and patient perceiving each other as unique individuals. At this time, the link of the relationship begins to form.
The Phase of Emerging Identities
Sharing another’s psychological state but standing apart and not sharing feelings. It is characterized “by the ability to predict the behavior of another”.
The Phase of Empathy
Sharing, feeling, and experiencing what others are feeling and experiencing is accomplished. This phase demonstrates emotional involvement and discredits objectivity as dehumanizing. The task of the nurse is to translate sympathy into helpful nursing actions. Sympathy happens when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of the patient’s suffering. It goes beyond empathy.
The Phase of Sympathy
Rapport is described as nursing interventions that lessen the patient’s suffering. The nurse and the sick person are relating as a human being to a human being. The sick person shows trust and confidence in the nurse. “A nurse is able to establish rapport because she possesses the necessary knowledge and skills required to assist ill persons and because she is able to perceive, respond to, and appreciate the uniqueness of the ill human being.”
The Phase of Rapport
