Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring

Question 1

A valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. He, human is viewed as greater than and different from, the sum of his or her parts.

Answer 1

Human Being/Person

Question 2

1) A high level of overall physical, mental and social functioning
2) A general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning
3) The absence of illness (or the presence of efforts that leads its absence)

Answer 2

Health

Question 3

Caring and nursing has existed in every society. A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation. It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.

Answer 3

Environment/society

Question 4

It is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick and restoring health. It focuses on health promotion and treatment of disease. She believes that holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. A human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human transactions.

Answer 4

Nursing

Question 5

Viewed as the essence of nursing; Connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person. The nurse co-participates with the person; Its purpose is to assist the person in gaining control and becoming knowledgeable, and in the process promote health changes.

Answer 5

Caring

Question 6

Assisting the person in gaining control

Answer 6

“kakayahan” or “patibayin ang kakayahan”

Question 7

1. Carative Factors (evolving toward the “Clinical Caritas Processes”)
2. Transpersonal Caring Moment
3. Caring Moment/Caring Occasion

Answer 7

Watson’s 3 Major Conceptual Elements

Question 8

1. Formation of a Humanistic-Altruistic Value System
2. Installation of Faith-Hope
3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to Self and Others
4. Development of a Helping-Trust Relationship
5. Promotion and Acceptance of the Expression of Positive and Negative Feelings
6. Systematic Use of the Scientific Problem-Solving Method for Decision Making
7. Promotion of Interpersonal Teaching-Learning
8. Provisions for a Supportive, Protective, and (or) Corrective Mental, Physical, Sociocultural and Spiritual Environment.
9. Assistance with the Gratification of Human Needs
10. Allowance for Existential-Phenomenological-Spiritual Forces

Answer 8

10 Carative Factors

Question 9

Caring based on these values and behavior “can be developed through examination of one’s own views, beliefs, interactions with various cultures and personal growth experiences. This development is perceived necessary for the nurse’s own maturation.

Answer 9

Formation of a Humanistic-Altruistic Value System

Question 10

Regard for others as a personal action; learned at an early age; it is a value shared with parents; one’s own life experiences are learning opportunities to gain insights about dealing with others.

Answer 10

Value of Altruism

Question 11

Deemed essential to both carative and curative processes; This provides a basis for looking into the healing power of belief, or the spiritual dimension, when curing is not possible; allows nurses to explore alternative methods of healing, like meditation. It seems that the goal for this activity is the provision of a sense of wellbeing through belief systems that are meaningful to the client.

Answer 11

Installation of Faith-Hope

Question 12

Through this process, increased sensitivity to others is developed. The nurse becomes honest and promotes self-growth and self-actualization. Interactions between the nurse and the client deal with the person’s emotional and subjective world as a means to learn the inner self.

Answer 12

Cultivation of Sensitivity to Self and Others

Question 13

Communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is a mode used to establish rapport and caring. Characteristics common to this carative factor are congruence, empathy, warmth and honesty. Positive acceptance of another is most often expressed by body language, touch and tone of voice.

Answer 13

Development of a Helping-Trust Relationship

Question 14

It is important to facilitate awareness of both negative and positive feelings to improve on one’s level of awareness. Feelings need to be considered in a caring environment. Being aware of both positive and negative feelings leads to better understanding of behavior.

Answer 14

Promotion and Acceptance of the Expression of Positive and Negative Feelings

Question 15

This factor gives notice to the limitations nurses have in assessing the issue of developing a scientific base because most of our time is dedicated to the performance of nursing tasks such as procedures and treatments.

Answer 15

Systematic Use of the Scientific Problem-Solving Method for Decision Making

Question 16

Given to the use of the systematic problem-solving method in building nursing knowledge. In the same way, the argument extends to other methods of knowing like utilizing research-based findings in order to improve nursing practice and provide holistic care.

Answer 16

Recognition

Question 17

Through this factor, persons (clients) gain control over their own health because it provides them with both information and alternatives. Learning offers opportunities to individualize information dissemination. Nurse focuses on the learning and teaching process, as well as in understanding the client’s perception of the situation. This provides for a cognitive plan workable within the client’s frame of reference.

Answer 17

Promotion of Interpersonal Teaching-Learning

Question 18

There are two divisions or categorizations relative to this factor: external variables which include physical, safety and environmental factors; and internal variables which refer to mental, spiritual or cultural activities which the nurse may manipulate for the person’s well-being. An interdependence exists between internal and external factors since the person perceives the situation in the environment as either threatening or non-threatening. A clean and esthetic environment is considered a basic element.

Answer 18

Provisions for a Supportive, Protective, and (or) Corrective Mental, Physical, Sociocultural and Spiritual Environment

Question 19

Major Aspects of Provisions for a Supportive, Protective, and (or) Corrective Mental, Physical, Sociocultural and Spiritual Environment Factor:

Answer 19

Provision of comfort, safety and privacy

Question 20

Deemed essential in the promotion of increased self-worth and dignity

Answer 20

Esthetics

Question 21

The hierarchy of human needs is the essence of this carative factor. It is grounded in a hierarchy of need similar to that of the Maslow’s. According to her, each need is equally important for quality nursing care and the promotion of optimal health. All the needs deserve to be attended to and valued.

Answer 21

Assistance with the Gratification of Human Needs

Question 22

Lower Order Needs (Biophysical Needs): The need for food, fluid, elimination, and ventilation.

Answer 22

Survival Needs (1)

Question 23

Lower Order Needs (Psychophysical Needs): The need for activity-inactivity and sexuality.

Answer 23

Functional Needs (2)

Question 24

Higher Order Needs (Psychosocial Needs): The need for achievement and affiliation.

Answer 24

Integrative Needs (3)

Question 25

Higher Order Needs (Intrapersonal-Interpersonal Need): The need for self-actualization

Answer 25

Growth-Seeking Need (4)

Question 26

Survival Needs, Functional Needs, Integrative Needs, Growth-Seeking Need

Answer 26

Ordering of Needs as proposed by Watson (1979)

Question 27

This factor helps the nurse to reconcile and mediate the incongruity of viewing the person holistically while at the same time attending to the hierarchical ordering of needs. Thus the nurse assists the person to find the strength or courage to confront life or death.

Answer 27

Allowance for Existential-Phenomenological-Spiritual Forces

Question 28

A way of understanding people from the way things appear to them, from their frame of reference.

Answer 28

Phenomenology

Question 29

Study of human existence using phenomenological analysis

Answer 29

Existential psychology

Question 30

A special kind of human relationship that depends on : Nurse’s commitment on protecting and enhancing human dignity and a deeper/higher self; Nurse’s caring consciousness to preserve and honor the embodied spirit, thereby not reducing the patient to a moral status of an object; The nurse’s caring and connection have potential to heal since experience, intention, and perception are taking place; Nursing goes beyond an objective assessment and shows concern for the patient’s own healthcare

Answer 30

Transpersonal Caring Relationship

Question 31

Protects, enhances, and preserves human dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony

Answer 31

Goal of transpersonal caring relationship

Question 32

The moment when the nurse and another person come together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created. Both persons come together in a human-human transaction. The one caring for and the one being cared for are influenced by the choices and actions decided within the relationship.

Answer 32

Caring Occasion/Moment