Betty Neuman: Systems model

Question 1

The nursing theorist who developed the Neuman Systems Model.

Answer 1

Betty Neuman

Question 2

Based on the person’s relationship to stress, response, and reconstitution factors that are progressive in nature. Developed as a teaching tool to integrate the 4 variables of Man/Client Variables (Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental)

Answer 2

Neuman’s System Model

Question 3

This model presents a broad, holistic, and system-based method to nursing that maintains a factor of flexibility. It focuses on the patient system’s response to actual or potential environmental stressors and maintains the client system’s stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing prevention interventions to reduce stressors.

Answer 3

Neuman’s System Model

Question 4

Encircled by successive rings as a system. The lines of defense in the model are characterized as flexible lines of defense, normal lines of defense, and lines of existence by the successive rings in the model.

Answer 4

Human being/Person

Question 5

Defined as the state or degree of system stability in Neuman’s nursing theory, and it is regarded as a continuum from health to sickness. When all of the system’s requirements are satisfied, optimum wellbeing is achieved.

Answer 5

Health

Question 6

Happens when the energy required to sustain life is not accessible.

Answer 6

Death

Question 7

A critical component of the system and its operation. All elements that impact and are affected by the system can be considered part of the environment. Three important settings are identified in the Neuman Systems Model: (1) internal, (2) external, and (3) generated.

Answer 7

Environment

Question 8

This environment is made up of all forces and interactive impacts that exist only within the client system’s bounds.

Answer 8

Internal Environment

Question 9

Outside of the client system

Answer 9

External Environment

Question 10

This environment is subconsciously generated and used to assist in defensive coping.

Answer 10

Constructed Environment

Question 11

Determining the right course of action in circumstances involving stress or potential client or client system responses to stresses. Seek to assist the system in adapting or adjusting, as well as retaining, restoring, or maintaining some degree of stability between client system variables and external stresses, with an emphasis on energy conservation.

Answer 11

Nursing

Question 12

Refers to the structure and functions of the body.

Answer 12

Physiological Variables

Question 13

Refers to metal processes and relationships.

Answer 13

Psychological Variables

Question 14

Refers to system functions that relate to social and cultural expectations and activities.

Answer 14

Sociocultural Variables

Question 15

Refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan.

Answer 15

Developmental Variables

Question 16

Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.

Answer 16

Spiritual Variable

Question 17

Any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either a positive or negative outcome.

Answer 17

Stressors

Question 18

A state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal health level, thus preserving system integrity.

Answer 18

Stability

Question 19

The amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal line of defense.

Answer 19

Degree of Reaction

Question 20

A process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.

Answer 20

Entropy

Question 21

Determined on the basis of assessment of the variables and lines of defense and resistance that make up the specific client system.

Answer 21

Nursing diagnosis

Question 22

Determined with the client for desired prescriptive changes to correct variances from wellness

Answer 22

Nursing goals

Question 23

Nursing interventions are implemented using one or more of the prevention as intervention methods

Answer 23

Nursing outcomes

Question 24

This occurs before the system reacts to a stressor; it includes health promotion and wellness maintenance.

Answer 24

Primary Intervention

Question 25

This occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in terms of existing symptoms.

Answer 25

Secondary Intervention

Question 26

This occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies.

Answer 26

Tertiary Invention