Betty Neuman: Systems model Flashcards
The nursing theorist who developed the Neuman Systems Model.
Betty Neuman
Based on the person’s relationship to stress, response, and reconstitution factors that are progressive in nature. Developed as a teaching tool to integrate the 4 variables of Man/Client Variables (Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental)
Neuman’s System Model
This model presents a broad, holistic, and system-based method to nursing that maintains a factor of flexibility. It focuses on the patient system’s response to actual or potential environmental stressors and maintains the client system’s stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing prevention interventions to reduce stressors.
Neuman’s System Model
Encircled by successive rings as a system. The lines of defense in the model are characterized as flexible lines of defense, normal lines of defense, and lines of existence by the successive rings in the model.
Human being/Person
Defined as the state or degree of system stability in Neuman’s nursing theory, and it is regarded as a continuum from health to sickness. When all of the system’s requirements are satisfied, optimum wellbeing is achieved.
Health
Happens when the energy required to sustain life is not accessible.
Death
A critical component of the system and its operation. All elements that impact and are affected by the system can be considered part of the environment. Three important settings are identified in the Neuman Systems Model: (1) internal, (2) external, and (3) generated.
Environment
This environment is made up of all forces and interactive impacts that exist only within the client system’s bounds.
Internal Environment
Outside of the client system
External Environment
This environment is subconsciously generated and used to assist in defensive coping.
Constructed Environment
Determining the right course of action in circumstances involving stress or potential client or client system responses to stresses. Seek to assist the system in adapting or adjusting, as well as retaining, restoring, or maintaining some degree of stability between client system variables and external stresses, with an emphasis on energy conservation.
Nursing
Refers to the structure and functions of the body.
Physiological Variables
Refers to metal processes and relationships.
Psychological Variables
Refers to system functions that relate to social and cultural expectations and activities.
Sociocultural Variables
Refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan.
Developmental Variables
Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
Spiritual Variable
Any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either a positive or negative outcome.
Stressors
A state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal health level, thus preserving system integrity.
Stability
The amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal line of defense.
Degree of Reaction
A process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.
Entropy
Determined on the basis of assessment of the variables and lines of defense and resistance that make up the specific client system.
Nursing diagnosis
Determined with the client for desired prescriptive changes to correct variances from wellness
Nursing goals
Nursing interventions are implemented using one or more of the prevention as intervention methods
Nursing outcomes
This occurs before the system reacts to a stressor; it includes health promotion and wellness maintenance.
Primary Intervention
This occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in terms of existing symptoms.
Secondary Intervention
This occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies.
Tertiary Invention