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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > Joints II > Flashcards

Joints II Flashcards

1
Q

Example of Abnormalities of Growth and Development

A
  • Arthrogryposis
  • Elbow dysplasia
  • Hip dysplasia
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2
Q

Arthrogryposis

A
  • Persistent congenital flexure of a joint
  • Ex. flexural deformity
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3
Q

What are some proposed causes of arthrogryposis?

A
  • Ingestion of poisonous plants by dame
  • Genetics
  • Viral infections
  • Lack of in utero movement by fetus
  • Disease of vertebral column
  • Disease of spinal cord
  • *some may be related
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4
Q

Elbow dysplasia

A
  • Common cause of forelimb lameness in YOUNG, LARGE breed dogs
  • Term to refer to clinical syndrome of lameness, pain and DJD with the elbow
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5
Q

Most accept that elbow dysplasia is an inherited disease and is most common in

A
  • Basset hounds
  • Bernese mountain dogs
  • Irish wolfhounds
  • Newfoundland dogs
  • English mastiffs
  • German shepherd dogs
  • Great danes
  • Golden and labrador retrievers
  • Rottweilers
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6
Q

What are the 5 causes of elbow dysplasia?

A
  1. Ulnar trochlear notch dysplasia
  2. Elbow join incongruity
  3. Fragmentation of medial coronoid process of the ulna
  4. Ununited anconeal process
  5. Osteochonritis dissecans (OCD) of the medial askpec of the humeral condyle
    *often more than one
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7
Q

Hip dysplasia

A
  • Abnormal development of femoral head and acetabulum
  • *most important in LARGE and GIANT breed dogs
    o Does occur in medium breed dogs and other species
  • *underlying abnormality=biomechanical one
  • *inherited, polygenic problem
  • Lesions often not present at birth, but advanced by one year of age
  • Mild=may not show clinical signs
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8
Q

Biomechanical abnormality in hip dysplasia

A
  • There is INSUFFICIENT muscle to keep femoral head and acetabulum in close appositions
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9
Q

What does the insufficient muscle in hip dysplasia result in?

A
  • Joint laxity
  • Abnormal wear
  • *damage to articular cartilage and other soft tissues
  • Damage to hip joint is progressive and eventually causes DJD
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10
Q

Hip dysplasia is an inherited, polygenic problem and is influenced by

A
  • Environmental factors (Ex. nutrition)
  • Exercise
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11
Q

Arthritis

A
  • Inflammation of intra-articular structures
  • “inflammation of a joint”
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12
Q

Synovitis

A
  • Inflammation of synovium
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13
Q

Capsulitis

A
  • Inflammation of joint capsule
  • *infrequently used in pathology
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14
Q

Classification of inflammation of joints: distribution

A
  • Arthritis vs. polyarthritis
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15
Q

Classification of inflammation of joints: nature of exudate

A
  • Serous
  • Fibrinous
  • Purulent or suppurative
  • Fibrinopurulent
  • Non-suppurative
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16
Q

What are the broad categories of etiologies for inflammation of joints?

A
  • Septic (ie. Involving microorganisms)
  • Non-septic
  • Immune-mediated
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17
Q

Septic arthritis

A
  • Microorganisms can arrive in joints by several means
  • Majority are caused by bacteria (including mycoplasma)
  • Fungi and viruses can also cause it
  • *most common in neonatal farm animals
    o Referred to as ‘joint-ill’
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18
Q

What are the different ways microorganisms can arrive in joints (4)?

A
  1. Direct introduction during traumatic event
  2. Extension from periarticular soft tissue
  3. Extension from bone
  4. Hematogenously
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19
Q

Non-septic arthritis

A
  • *SEE DJD
20
Q

Immune-mediate arthritis

A
  • Describe a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory joint diseases
  • Evidence of immune system involvement through immune complexes
  • Typically manifests as polyarthritis
  • Rarely in dogs, even less in cats, even rarer in other species
  • Ex. rheumatoid arthritis
21
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Type of immune mediated or autoimmune arthritis in people
  • Focus of inflammation is the synovium and leads to damage of articular cartilage
22
Q

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) (osteoarthritis)

A
  • PROGRESSIVE disease of synovial joints that begins as a IRREVERSIBLE degeneration of articular cartilage
  • May be accompanied by
    o Changes in soft tissue
    o Formation of osteophytes
    o Sclerosis of subchondral bone
  • *may or may not be associated with clinical signs
23
Q

Sclerosis

A
  • Hardening
  • In relation to bone: indicates increased DENSITY
24
Q

What is the cause of DJD?

A
  • Not fully understood
  • Likely represents a common set of lesions associated with a variety of different disease processes
25
Q

What might the initiation of DJD be?

A
  • Degeneration of articular cartilage
  • Inflammation of joint capsule or synovium
  • Increased stiffness of subchondral bone
26
Q

Regardless of initiating factors, DJD will always

A
  • *include degeneration of articular cartilage
27
Q

Where can DJD develop?

A
  • Joints with normal cartilage followed by abnormal stresses
  • Joins with abnormal cartilage following normal stresses
28
Q

What can the early stages of cartilage degeneration be recognized as grossly in DJD?

A
  • dull or rough appearance
  • yellow-brown discoloration (chondromalacia)
29
Q

What might DJD look like growly later on?

A
  • Fibrillation and focal erosions of articular cartilage may develop
  • With continue used: lead to EBURNATION with changes in subchondral bone
30
Q

Osteochondrosis

A
  • Disorder of physes and articular cartilage of endochondral bones of GROWING ANIMALS
  • *of articular cartilage is important and relatively common in several domestic species
31
Q

Osteochondrosis definition

A
  • Focal or multifocal failure (or delay) of endochondral ossification resulting in localized thickening of hyaline cartilage
    o Not as stable as bone
    o May be subject to injury leading to pain and lameness
32
Q

What can happen with focal disruption of endochondral ossification and centrifugal bone growth?

A
  • Potential to alter the shape of an articular surface
  • May lead to angular limb deformities
33
Q

What can alteration in a joint surface lead to?

A
  • Abnormal articulation
    o Predispose joint to DJD
34
Q

What can occur with osteochondrosis in some instances?

A
  • Transverse or ‘horizonal’ clefts can develop within the foci of thickened cartilage or between thickened cartilage and underlying bone
    o Creates flaps or free fragments of cartilage in the joint
  • *resulting lesion=osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
35
Q

What are the fragments of cartilage free in the joint called? (osteochondrosis dissecans)

A
  • Joint mice
36
Q

Where is a common site of osteochondrosis in dogs?

A
  • Humoral head
  • *typically in males of large and giant breeds
37
Q

What are the predilection sites for osteochondrosis in horses?

A
  • Lateral trochlear ridge and medial condyle of femur
  • Patella
  • Various sites in tarsi
38
Q

What are angular limb deformity (ALD) relatively common in?

A
  • young, growing, animals of a VARIETY of species
39
Q

What can ALD’s be due to?

A
  • Uneven growth of physis
  • Irregularly shaped bones of carpal and tarsal joints
  • Joint instability or laxity
  • *OR combination of these lesions
40
Q

What is lateral deviation of the limb distal to the abnormal physis or joint referred to as?

A
  • Valgus deformity (‘knock kneed’)
41
Q

What is medial deviation of limb distal to abnormal physis or joint referred to as?

A
  • Varus deformity (‘bowlegged’)
42
Q

What is a proliferative lesion of joints?

A
  • Villonodular synovitis (chronic proliferative synovitis)
43
Q

Villonodular synovitis (chronic proliferative synovitis)

A
  • Proliferative and inflammatory (macrophages and lymphocytes) lesion of synovium of joints and tendon sheaths
44
Q

What is a variable feature of villonodular synovitis?

A
  • Presence of hemosiderin in some of the synovial cells
45
Q

What is villonodular synovitis reported in?

A
  • *Horses: most important
  • Dogs
  • Goats
46
Q

Villonodular synovitis in horses

A
  • Occurs in metacarpo-phalangeal (fetlock) joint
  • Associated with lameness and joint effusion
  • May produce erosion and proliferation of bone at distal end of the third metacarpal (cannon) bone
47
Q

What is the most common neoplasm involving joints in dogs?

A
  • Periarticular histiocytic sarcomas
  • Malignant
    o Often metastasized at time of diagnosis
  • Other joints can arise in animals but rarely

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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