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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 5 – Vascular System > Flashcards

5 – Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular lesions can cause:

A
  • Edema, congestion
  • Hemorrhages
  • Thrombosis
  • Ischemia
  • Infarction in affected tissues and organs
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2
Q

Degenerative disease of arteries

A
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Artherosclerosis (predispose to arterial rupture)
  • Arterial hypertrophy
  • Aneurysms (predispose to arterial rupture)
  • Arterial medial calcification
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3
Q

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

A
  • DISTINCT degenerative diseases that are manifested by
    o Hardening of arterial wall
    o Loss of elasticity
    o Reduced vascular lumen
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4
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A
  • ‘hardening’ of an artery
  • Loss of arterial elasticity, hardening and luminal narrowing
  • Mainly found in elastic arteries (ex. arterial branching sties)
  • *raised corrugated whit plaques, may have calcium deposits
  • Usually an incidental finding
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5
Q

Plaques in arteriosclerosis

A
  • Fibrous tissue and smooth muscle proliferation
  • Sometimes mineralization
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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Major cause of mortality in humans
  • *Excessive circulating cholesterol is deposited in arterial walls
  • Rare in domestic animals
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7
Q

Major risk factors of atherosclerosis in humans

A
  • Familial hypercholesterolemia
  • High blood pressure
  • Poor diet habit
  • Sedentary life-cycle
  • Cigarette smoke
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8
Q

Lesions that form with atherosclerosis

A
  • Atheromas
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9
Q

Atheromas

A
  • Cholesterol plaques in intima and media of arteries
  • Particularly common in the coronary arteries (heart attacks) and cerebral arteries (stroke)
  • Reduce lumen and cause blockage
  • Can lead to thrombosis
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10
Q

Atherosclerosis steps

A
  1. Early cholesterol deposits in intima
  2. Accumulation of cholesterol and lipid-laden macrophages in arterial wall
  3. Large lipid plaques occlude the arterial lumen and cause ischemia
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11
Q

Atherosclerosis is most commonly reported in

A
  • Hypothyroid dogs with hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus
  • Pigs
  • Psittacine birds and pigeons feed a high lipid diet
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12
Q

Atherosclerosis grossly

A
  • Prominent thick arteries
  • Yellow plaques
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13
Q

Atherosclerosis microscopically

A
  • Plaques containing foamy, lipid-laden macrophages
  • Cholesterol clefts
  • Fibroblasts
  • Smooth muscle proliferation
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14
Q

Arterial hypertrophy

A
  • Occurs in muscular arteries
  • Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  • *hypertension=common cause
  • Ex. high altitude (Brisket disease)
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15
Q

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia in arterial hypertrophy results in

A
  • Loss of elasticity
  • Narrowing of arterial lumen
  • Increased resistance
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16
Q

Muscular hypertrophy is frequently seen in the LUNG of cats

A
  • Past: associated with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
  • Now: Dirofilaria immitis (hypertrophy and proliferation/inflammation)
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17
Q

Aneurysm

A
  • Localized weakening and dilation of blood vessels
    o Elastic arteries (less extent in veins)
  • Prone to rupture
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18
Q

2 main anatomic types of aneurysm

A
  • Saccular (or fusiform) aneurysm
  • Dissecting aneurysm (arterial dissection)
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19
Q

Saccular (or fusiform) aneurysm

A
  • Spherical or ovoid dilation of blood vessel resembling a ballon filled with blood
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20
Q

Dissecting aneurysm (arterial dissection)

A
  • Tear of intima allowing blood to enter into potential space between intima and media
    o Progressively dissecting the wall of the vessel
  • Ex. hematoma separating the tunic intima from tunica media
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21
Q

Aneurysm prone to rupture and cause

A
  • Hemothroax
  • Hemoabdomen
  • Hemopericardium
  • Brain hemorrhage
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22
Q

Common cause of aneurysm in domestic animals:

A
  • Strongylus vulgaris in horses
  • Spirocerca lupi in dogs
  • Copper deficiency in mares and pigs
  • Trauma
  • Atherosclerosis and hypertension (humans)
  • Genetic diseases
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23
Q

Fusiform aneurysm in dog

A
  • Died due to massive hemothorax caused by rupture of an aortic aneurysm
  • Caused due to larval migration of Spirocerca lupi=PARASITIC AORTITIS
  • Mature S. lupi parasitize the esophagus
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24
Q

Common causes of arterial calcification

A
  • Hypervitaminosis D (or ingestion of toxic plants containing Vitamin D analogs)=metastatic calcification
  • Chronic granulomatous diseases (ex. Johnes, TB)
  • Age-related arteriosclerosis
  • Aortic lesions associated with migrating larvae of Spirocerca lupi in dogs
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25
Q

Aortic calcification grossly (ex. cow with Johne’s disease)

A
  • Confluent, raised, rectangular plaques on intima surface
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26
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A
  • Only detected histologically
  • Non-specific term of vascular change in small arteries and arterioles
  • *microscopic disposition of acidophilic proteinaceous material (fibrin) in vascular walls
27
Q

What conditions is fibrinoid necrosis associated with?

A
  • Viral infections
  • Toxic conditions
  • Bacterial toxins
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Purpura hemorrhagica
  • Immune mediate vasculitis
28
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: viral infections

A
  • Classical swine fever
  • Porcine circovirus
29
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: toxic condition

A
  • Uremia
  • Mercury poisoning
30
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: bacterial toxins

A
  • Enterotoxemia
  • Edema disease of swine (E. coli)
31
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: nutritional deficiencies

A
  • Mulberry heart disease
32
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: purpura hemorrhagica

A
  • In horses following infections with Streptococcus equi
33
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis: immune mediated vasculitis

A
  • lupus
34
Q

Vasculitis

A
  • Generic term
  • Describes inflammation of small arteries AND veins
  • Only detected by histopathology (but effect is grossly visible)
35
Q

What is seen grossly because of vasculitis?

A
  • Hemorrhages
  • Edema
  • Small infarcts
36
Q

Common causes of vasculitis

A
  • Systemic infections (viruses, bacteria, fungi)
  • Hypersensitivities where Ag-Ab complexes attached to walls of blood vessels
  • Adverse drug reactions
37
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever (bovine)

A
  • Vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis
  • *systemic vasculitis
38
Q

What are some sequels to vasculitis

A
  • Palpebral and mesocolon edema
  • ITEM in cattle
  • Mycotic vasculitis with infarction and hemorrhages in omasum
39
Q

Kidney of an FIP cat

A
  • Renal vasculitis=white linear lesions
40
Q

Mesenteric artery parasitic arteritis (in horses)

A
  • Migration of Strongylus vulgaris
    o Predispose to fibrosis of blood vessel and aneurysm (may produce areas of infarction=colic in horses)
41
Q

Dirofilaria immitis (nematode parasite)

A
  • Pulmonary artery and R ventricle
  • *cause endoarteritis
  • Pulmonary hypertension associated with hypertrophy of intimal surface
  • *predispose to thrombosis
42
Q

Phlebitis

A
  • Inflammation of veins
    o Often become thrombosed=thrombophlebitis
43
Q

What are the most common forms of thrombophlebitis in vet practice

A
  • Vena cava thrombosis in cattle
  • Omphalophlebitis
  • Iatrogenic phlebitis
  • Some parasites (Schistosoma sp)
44
Q

Omphalophlebitis: thrombophlebitis

A
  • Umbilical veins, (particularly farm animals) become infected and inflamed after birth
  • Filled with purulent exudate
45
Q

Vena cava thrombosis in cattle: thrombophlebitis

A
  • Typically secondary to hepatic abscess eroding into wall of vena cava
46
Q

Iatrogenic phlebitis: thrombophlebitis

A
  • In all species caused by improper venipuncture
47
Q

Vena cava thrombophlebitis (cow)

A
  • Hepatic abscess eroding into vena cava and causing thrombosis (scar)
  • Pieces of infected thrombus often detach and released into circulation causing embolic pneumonia
  • *sudden death due to ruptured pulmonary aneurysm
48
Q

Lymphangiectasia

A
  • Dilated with chyle
49
Q

Rupture of lymphatics

A
  • Thoracic duct or cisterna chyli leak fluid
  • Ex. chylous ascites
  • Ex. chylothorax (milky fluid=chyle)
50
Q

Johnes disease: lymphangitis in cattle

A
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp.
  • Paratuberculosis cattle
51
Q

Glanders: lymphangitis in horses

A
  • Burkholderia mallei
52
Q

Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses and cattle

A
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
53
Q

Epizootic lymphangitis: horses

A
  • Histoplasma farciminosum
54
Q

Sporotrichosis: lymphangitis in various species

A
  • Sporothrix schenckii
55
Q

Primary tumours of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma
  • Rhabomyoma and rhadomyosarcoma
  • Myxoma and myxosarcoma
  • Heart base tumors
56
Q

Heart base tumors examples

A
  • Aortic body chemodectoma
  • Ectopic thyroid carcinoma
57
Q

Secondary tumor in the cardiovascular system (metastatic)

A
  • Lymphoma
58
Q

Hemangiosarcoma: dogs

A
  • Primarily spleen and heart (R. atrium)
  • Important canine malignancy
59
Q

Hemangiosarcoma can cause

A
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Hemopericardium
  • Cardiac tamponade
60
Q

Neoplastic cells from hemangiosarcoma’s form

A
  • Channels filled with blood = dark red colour
61
Q

Hemangiosarcoma readily metastasizes to

A
  • Lungs
  • Other organs (brain, kidneys, liver, etc)
62
Q

Chemodectoma

A
  • Arises from chemoreceptors normally present in the aorta
  • Non-functional but can cause heart failure
    o Due to compression of the R atrium, vena cavae or great arteries
  • *BASE of the heart
63
Q

Myxoma/myxosarcoma

A
  • Neoplastic cells embedded in a mucinous matrix
64
Q

Lymphoma may result from

A
  • Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections
  • *other tumours in the body: enzootic lymphoma (after 3 years)

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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