6 – Respiratory I

Question 1

Respiratory epithelium

Answer 1

• Ciliated
• More prone to damage due to specialized structures

Question 2

Pneumocyte type 1

Answer 2

• Flat and thin
• *gas exchange

Question 3

Pneumocyte type 2

Answer 3

• Cuboidal
• Enzymatic functions
• Not as efficient at gas exchange
• *source of new type 1 pneumocytes

Question 4

The pluck

Answer 4

• Tongue
• Esophagus
• Trachea
• Heart
• Lungs

Question 5

Artifacts

Answer 5

• Especially in lungs!
  o Colour changes often misleading
• Palpation is crucial *just
• Euthanasia solution (ex. inter-cardiac euthanol)
  o Will ‘leak’ out
• Thickened pleura at dorso-caudal portion (especially in cattle)

Question 6

Lung palpation

Answer 6

• Normal: soft and squishy
• Firmer and heavier than normal=easier to feel than see

Question 7

Congestion of lung

Answer 7

• Heavier and wet
• Larger

Question 8

Cranio-ventral hyperemia of lung

Answer 8

• Increased arterial (oxygenated) blood

Question 9

4 causes of edema

Answer 9

• Congestion – increased hydrostatic pressure
• Reduced oncotic pressure
• Damage to endothelium
• Lymphatic obstruction (not common in lungs)

Question 10

Edema

Answer 10

• Widened inter-lobular septa
• Foam in trachea (often normal to have some at the bifurcation)

Question 11

Hemorrhage in lung

Answer 11

• Hard to tell in pictures
• Palpation: firmer red areas
• NOT depressed

Question 12

Thrombosis/embolism in lung

Answer 12

• Common for it to be there=vessels become dramatically smaller
• Not actually that common in vet med

Question 13

Pulmonary/pleural ossification

Answer 13

• Typically in older animals
• Particularly in dogs
• Tiny (1-2mm)
• Surface
• NO significance

Question 14

Anthracosis

Answer 14

• Accumulation of carbon in macrophages within alveoli
• Little black spots

Question 15

A lung with black spots

Answer 15

• Melanosis
• Edema
• Cancer (melanoma)
• Very dark hemorrhages
• Carbon
  palpate to find out

Question 16

Atelectasis

Answer 16

• What happens when air exits the alveoli and they collapse
• DARKER RED (no longer ‘diluted’)
• Darker areas will be DEPRESSED (firmer)
• When only outer portion affected=post-mortem artifact

Question 17

Emphysema types

Answer 17

• Alveolar
• Bullous
  **decreased SA=reduced ability to transfer gas

Question 18

Alveolar emphysema

Answer 18

• Groups of alveoli where their walls have been destroyed

Question 19

Bullous emphysema

Answer 19

• Larger areas of air accumulation within the septa or beneath the pleura
• Bubbles in pleura
• Ex. larger areas of alveolar damage

Question 20

Combination of atelectasis and alveolar emphysema

Answer 20

• Darker, collapsed section=atelectasis
• Expanded, bubbles=emphysema
  **seen in euthanized animals=no clinical significance