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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 15b – Intro to Hematopoietic > Flashcards

15b – Intro to Hematopoietic Flashcards

1
Q

What does primary hematopoietic neoplasia result from?

A
  • Clonal expansion of hematopoietic cell types
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2
Q

What do primary hematopoietic tumours primarily affect?

A
  • BONE MARROW
  • Blood (leukemia)
  • Lymphoid tissues (lymph node, spleen, etc.)
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3
Q

What are the 4 common features of primary bone marrow neoplasia?

A
  1. Hypercellular marrow
  2. Anemia
  3. Thrombocytopenia +/- neutropenia
  4. Leukemic cells in peripheral blood
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4
Q

Hypercellular marrow (primary bone marrow neoplasia)

A
  • Reflects uncontrolled proliferation of neoplastic hematopoietic cells
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5
Q

Anemia (primary bone marrow neoplasia)

A
  • Non-regenerative anemia due to INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS
    o Competition for nutrients and/or space
    o Inhibitory factors may be released from neoplastic cells
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6
Q

Thrombocytopenia +/- neutropenia (primary bone marrow neoplasia)

A
  • Not present in all myeloproliferative diseases
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7
Q

Leukemic cells in peripheral blood (primary bone marrow neoplasia)

A
  • Immature stages of hematopoietic cells in peripheral blood
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8
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of hematopoietic tumours?

A
  • Lymphoproliferative disease
  • Myeloproliferative disease
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9
Q

Lymphoproliferative disease: ‘definition’

A
  • Neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes causing a spectrum of disease
    o Lymphoid leukemia: bone marrow and circulation
    o Lymphoma: lymph nodes/tissues/organs with relatively normal blood profile
    o *can do the ‘opposite’ so hard to separate them
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10
Q

Lymphoproliferative disease: 3 types

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Lymphoid leukemia
  • Plasma cell tumours
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11
Q

Lymphoid leukemia (clinical pathology)

A
  • Malignant hematopoietic neoplasms that originate in bone marrow
  • Significant numbers of neoplastic cells circulating in blood
  • *lymphocytic (T or B lymphocyte) in origin
  • Acute or chronic
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12
Q

Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)

A
  • *one of the MOST COMMON MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS in domestic animals
  • Can be
    o Sporadic
    o Hereditary: porcine lymphoma
    o Viral: FeLV in cats, BLV in cattle
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13
Q

Classifications of lymphomas: 5 different ways

A
  1. Anatomical classification
  2. Cellular morphology
  3. Immuno-phenotypes
  4. Biologic behaviour (low to high grade)
  5. Histologic pattern (diffuse vs. follicular)
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14
Q

Anatomical classification of lymphoma

A
  • Multicentric
  • Alimentary
  • Thymic
  • Cutaneous
  • Misc.
  • Leukemic
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15
Q

Multicentric

A
  • Generalized involvement of lymph nodes, +/- liver, spleen, marrow or other organs
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16
Q

Alimentary

A
  • Nodular to segmental involve of GI tract, especially intestine
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17
Q

Mediastinal/thymic

A
  • Involvement of cranial mediastinum/thymus
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18
Q

Cutaneous

A
  • Both epitheliotropic (T-cell) AND non-epitheliotropic (mostly B cell) forms
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19
Q

Miscellaneous (anatomical classification)

A
  • Renal
  • Ocular
  • Cardiac
  • Neural
  • Etc.
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20
Q

leukemic lymphoma

A
  • When lymphoma invades marrow and occurs in blood
    o *hard to separate from lymphoid leukemia
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21
Q

Cellular morphology for classification of lymphoma

A
  • Cell size
  • Nuclear features
  • Mitotic rate
  • *multiple classifications based on cytologic features
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22
Q

Small cell lymphoma with low mitotic rate leads to

A
  • Slow progression
  • Poor response to chemotherapy
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23
Q

Large cell lymphoma with high mitotic rate leads to

A
  • Rapid progression
  • DO respond to chemotherapy
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24
Q

Immune-phenotype for classification of lymphoma

A
  • B-cell
  • T-cell
  • Non B/T
25
Q

B vs. T cell lymphoma

A
  • B cell lymphomas may have better survival profiles in response to treatment compared to T cell
26
Q

What are the non-specific clinical signs of lymphoma?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • *painless enlargement of 1+ lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
27
Q

What are the clinical signs of lymphoma in the retrobulbar lymph nodes?

A
  • Exophthalmos
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of lymphoma in the thymus?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Esophageal obstruction
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of lymphoma in the alimentary?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Obstruction or melena
30
Q

What are the gross lesions of lymphoma?

A
  • Moderately to marked enlarged lymph nodes
    o Soft to firm
    o Bulge on cut surface
    o Homogenous pale tan to white
    o Foci of necrosis or hemorrhage=common
    o Often firmly attached (fibrosis) to surrounding tissue
31
Q

What can lymphoma in other organs cause?

A
  • Diffuse organomegaly
  • Multiple tan nodules within organs
  • Localized to generalized thickening of walls of tubular organs
    o Uterus, intestine, stomach
32
Q

What are the microscopic lesions of lymphoma?

A
  • Neoplastic round cells EFFACE the normal architecture
  • Uniform population of small lymphocytes with variable degree of:
    o Anaplasia
    o Mitosis
    o Apoptosis
33
Q

Canine lymphoma

A
  • Most common canine hematopoietic neoplasia
  • Usually middle aged to older animals
  • 90% have normal leukogram
  • 85% have multicentric lymphoma
    o Lymph node involvement is common
    o Medium to high grade tumours
  • *leukograms are usually normally
  • No known cause OR viral association
34
Q

Clinical signs of canine lymphoma

A
  • Nonspecific OR absent at diagnosis
35
Q

What are the other forms of canine lymphoma besides the multicentric?

A
  • Alimentary
  • Cutaneous
  • Mediastinal (thymic)
  • Miscellaneous
36
Q

What does the alimentary form of canine lymphoma though to precede?

A
  • Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (IBD)
37
Q

What can occasionally be seen in dogs with lymphomna?

A
  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy
    o Secretion of PTHrP by neoplastic cells
38
Q

Feline lymphoma

A
  • Most common malignant neoplasm in cats
  • *leukemia an bone marrow involvement are common
  • NO peripheral lymph node involvement
  • SHORT clinical course
    *associated with FeLV (10-20%)
39
Q

What is the order of lymphoma types more likely in cats? (4 types)

A
  1. Alimentary
  2. Multicentric
  3. Thymic
  4. Miscellaneous
40
Q

Feline lymphoma: short clinical course

A
  • 75% affected are dead within 8 weeks of diagnosis if UNTREATED
41
Q

Feline lymphoma is associated with FeLV

A
  • 10-20% of cats with lymphoma are FeLV +
  • FeLV is associated with MEDIASTINAL OR MULTICENTRIC T CELL LYMPHOMA
  • Young cats!
42
Q

Feline lymphoma clinical signs

A
  • Non-specific
    o Weight loss
    o Anorexia
    o Poor grooming habits
  • Referable to affected organ system
    o Diarrhea
    o Vomiting
    o dyspnea
43
Q

What are the multiple forms of bovine lymphoma?

A
  • Enzootic bovine lymphoma
  • Sporadic bovine lymphoma
44
Q

Enzootic bovine lymphoma

A
  • Adult cattle (5-8 years old)
  • *bovine leukemia virus (oncogenic retrovirus)
    o 30% of infected cattle: non-neoplastic persistent lymphocytosis
     <5% of infected: lymphoma
  • *multicentric lymphoma of B cell origin
  • More common in dairy cattle (management practices and average animal age)
  • LIFELONG
45
Q

How is bovine leukemia virus transmitted? (3)

A
  • Arthropods
  • Natural breeding
  • Contaminated needles, dehorning and ear-tagging equipment
46
Q

What is the target of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)?

A
  • B-lymphocyte
  • May cause lymphoma in sheep and goats
47
Q

What are the 4 commonly affected sites with enzootic bovine lymphoma?

A
  • Heart (R. atrium)
  • Abomasum
  • Uterus
  • Vertebral canal
48
Q

What are the clinical signs of enzootic bovine lymphoma?

A
  • *Depend on organ involved
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Diarrhea
  • Vagal indigestion
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Posterior paresis/paralysis
49
Q

Sporadic bovine lymphoma

A
  • Not associated with a viral infection
  • Affects young animals: 3 forms!
50
Q

What are the 3 forms of sporadic bovine lymphoma?

A
  • Calf form
  • Juvenile form/thymic form
  • Cutaneous form
51
Q

Calf form of sporadic bovine lymphoma

A
  • 3 to 6 months of age
  • Symmetrical lymphadenopathy, often with
    o Leukemia and bone marrow involvement
  • Kidney, liver, spleen
  • *multicentric lymphoma
52
Q

Juvenile form=thymic form of sporadic bovine lymphoma

A
  • Young (<2 years) beef cattle
  • Mediastinal lymphoma
53
Q

What is the juvenile form/thymic form of sporadic bovine lymphoma characterized by?

A
  • Large cranial thoracic/lower cervical masses
  • Respiratory distress
  • Weight loss in cattle less than 2 years of age
54
Q

Cutaneous form of sporadic bovine lymphoma

A
  • 2-3 year old cattle
  • *Plagues or nodular, raised skin lesions often with ulceration
  • Head, sides, perineum
  • Lesions may wax and wane
  • *survive 12-18 months
  • DEEP ORGAN involvement indistinguishable from multicentric lymphoma
55
Q

Porcine lymphoma

A
  • Most common neoplasm of pigs
  • Multicentric OR mediastinal
  • Often <1 year old
  • Females MORE than males
  • Familial (hereditary) form
    o Large white pigs
56
Q

Equine lymphoma

A
  • Lower incidence than dogs/cats
  • Most common MALIGNANT neoplasm
  • *multicentric is most common anatomic form
  • Forms based on anatomic location
  • T-cell rich, large B-cell lymphoma
  • Wasting, anorexia, ventral edema, anemia, diarrhea
57
Q

Equine lymphoma: forms based on anatomic location

A
  • *Multicentric
  • Cutaneous/subcutaneous
  • Alimentary
  • Abdominal
  • Splenic
  • Leukemic
58
Q

In contrast to dogs, multicentric lymphoma in horses causes

A
  • Masses in abdominal and thoracic cavity
  • Also multiple subcutaneous nodules on trunk or limbs rather than GENREALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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