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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 14 - Bone IV > Flashcards

14 - Bone IV Flashcards

1
Q

Proliferative (tumorous) lesions descriptive terms (5)

A
  1. Exostosis
  2. Osteophyte
  3. Enthesophyte
  4. Enostosis
  5. Hyperostosis
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2
Q

Exostosis

A
  • Benign bony growth projecting outward from the outer surface of a bone
  • *nodular growth
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3
Q

Osteophyte

A
  • Another term for exostosis
  • *describe small bony outgrowth at the PERIPHERY of a joint
    o Usually associated with degenerative joint disease
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4
Q

Enthesophyte

A
  • Small exostosis at site of attachment of a ligament, tendon, or joint capsul
  • Ex. an enthesis
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5
Q

Enostosis

A
  • Benign bony growth within the medullary cavity of a bone
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6
Q

Hyperostosis

A
  • Indicate that the dimension of bone has increased
    o Ex. thickened along one or more periosteal surfaces
  • More-than-less uniform thickening of bone along periosteal surface rather than nodular growths
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7
Q

What are some specific diseases of proliferative lesions?

A
  1. Hypertrophic osteopathy
  2. Osteochondromas and multiple cartilaginous exostoses(MCE)
  3. Craniomandibular osteopathy: ‘lion jaw’
  4. Calvarial hyperostotic syndrome
  5. Deforming cervical spondylosis
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8
Q

Hypertrophic osteopathy

A
  • Older dogs and other mammals
  • Periosteal new bone over distal limbs (‘fuzzy’)
  • Always forelimbs, sometimes hindlimbs
  • *always concurrent disease
    o Usually an intrathoracic neoplasm OR inflammation
    o Uncertain pathogenies
    o If clear intrathoracic disease=this lesion should clear up
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9
Q

Osteochondromas and MCE (multiple cartilaginous exostoses)

A
  • People, horses, dogs (cats)
  • Inherited disease
  • Masses of trabecular bone with cartilaginous cap projection from metaphyseal areas of endochondral bones
    o Appear early in life and increase in size through endochondral ossification of the cartilaginous cap. STOP growing at skeletal maturity
  • *benign
    o Space occupying=can be annoying or dramatic effects (ex. compress SC)
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10
Q

Craniomandibular osteopathy: ‘lion jaw’

A
  • Heritable in TERRIERS and other dogs but rarely
  • Unknown pathogenesis
  • Progressive periosteal new bone over the mandible and other bones of head
    o By itself is not a problem, but eventually can’t open mouth=can’t eat
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11
Q

Calvarial hyperostotic syndrome

A
  • YOUNG, bullmastiff dogs
  • Unknown cause
  • Progressive, asymmetric cortical thickening of bones of skull cap
    o Ex. frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones
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12
Q

Deforming cervical spondylosis

A
  • ADULT CATS caused by prolonged exposure to excess Vitamin A
    o Due to unconventional diet (ex. beef liver)
  • Formation of extensive exostoses over dorsal and lateral aspects of cervical vertebrae often leading to ANKYLOSES
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13
Q

What can be affected in severe cases of deforming cervical spondylosis?

A
  • Occipital bone
  • Cranial thoracic vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Proximal forelimbs
  • *if intervertebral foramina are reduced in size=can be compression and degeneration of associated nerves
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14
Q

Ankylosis

A
  • Fusion of bones across a joint
  • Fixation of a joint by disease or surgery
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15
Q

Neoplastic disorders of bone

A
  • Primary or secondary
    o Benign or malignant
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16
Q

Where do primary neoplasms of bone typically arise from?

A
  • 85% from bone
  • 15% from cartilage
  • Other: may arise from fibrous tissue, blood vessels, adipose and etcetera
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17
Q

What are some examples of benign primary neoplasms of bone?

A
  • Osteomas
  • Chondromas
  • Ossifying fibromas
18
Q

Osteomas

A
  • Uncommon
  • Grow slowly, but progressively by intramembranous ossification
  • Usually arise from bones of the HEAD
  • Composed of well-differentiated trabecular bone
19
Q

Chondromas

A
  • Uncommon
  • Slow growing neoplasms of HYALINE CARTILAGE
    o Usually arise from bones of the head
20
Q

Ossifying fibromas

A
  • Uncommon
  • Large masses on mandible or maxilla of horses and cattle
  • Well-differentiated fibrous tissue that contains SCATTERED SPICULES of woven bone
21
Q

With time what happens with ossifying fibromas?

A
  • Greater proportion of mass becomes ossified and resembles an OSTEMOA
22
Q

What are some examples of malignant primary neoplasms of bone?

A
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcomas
  • Fibrosarcomas
  • Hemangiosarcomas
  • Giant cell tumor of bone
  • Multilobular tumor of bone
  • Maxillary fibrosarcomas
  • Bone surface neoplasms
23
Q

Osteosarcoma

A
  • Relatively common
  • Rapidly growing, malignant tumors in which neoplastic cells form osteoid or bone
  • Can cause destruction of preexisting bone
  • *most commonly in LONG bones of limbs
24
Q

What are osteosarcomas characterized by?

A
  • Aggressive local invasion and early metastasis
  • *not invasion of joint spaces
25
Q

Where are osteosarcomas usually found in large, giant breed dogs?

A
  • Appendicular skeleton
    o Front limbs TWICE as often as hind limbs (‘always away from elbow, and toward the knee’
26
Q

Where are osteosarcomas usually found in small breed dogs?

A
  • Axial skeleton
27
Q

Osteosarcoma and metastasis ‘stats’

A
  • 15% have it at diagnosis
  • 90% dies of metastatic disease within 1 year
28
Q

Chondrosarcomas

A
  • Not common
  • Grow slowly
  • Cause local destruction of bone, but metastasize late
  • *defining features=malignant cells produce cartilaginous ECM, but NEVER osteoid or bone
29
Q

Fibrosarcomas

A
  • Malignant tumours composed of fibroblasts and connective tissue they produce
  • Those arising in bone can cause destruction of bone
30
Q

Hemangiosarcomas

A
  • Malignant tumours of vascular endothelium
    o In this context: arises from within a bone
31
Q

Giant cell tumour of bone

A
  • Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow stomal cells
  • Many osteoclasts in the lesion, but they are NOT neoplastic cells
  • (used to be called osteoclastomas, but the osteoclasts are NOT neoplastic)
32
Q

Multilobular tumor of bone (or canine multilobular osteochondrosarcom)

A
  • Uncommon
  • Slow growing
  • Often malignant neoplasma of skull bones of dog
  • *tends to be locally invasive
    o Typically leads to euthanasia of affected dogs
  • Metastasis is not common
33
Q

Maxillary fibrosarcomas

A
  • ONLY in DOGS
  • Benign histologic appearance, but are MALIGNANT
    o Mostly invasive, sometimes metastatic
  • Can also arise in other bones of the head
34
Q

Bone surface neoplasms

A
  • Arise from periosteum
  • Malignant, but slower growing and less aggressive then corresponding neoplasms originating within bone
35
Q

What are some types of bone surface neoplasms?

A
  • Periosteal osteosarcoma
  • Periosteal chondrosarcoma
  • Periosteal fibrosarcoma
  • Parosteal osteosarcoma
36
Q

What is the difference between periosteal and parosteal sarcoma?

A
  • Periosteal: invade underlying cortex
  • Parosteal: do NOT invade underlying cortex
    o Or if do, it is much later in the disease
37
Q

Secondary neoplasm of bone

A
  • Malignant
  • Usually spread via circulation and begin to grow within bones
    o Due to vascular nature of bone marrow
  • *some result in more bone lysis than formation, while others are the opposite
  • *carcinomas are reported to metastasize to bone more frequently than sarcomas
38
Q

What can metastatic neoplasms in bone be associated with?

A
  • Pain
  • Lysis of bone
  • Pathologic fracture
  • New bone formation
39
Q

What is the most common type of bone marrow neoplasm to affect bone?

A
  • Multiple myeloma OR plasma cell myeloma
40
Q

Bone cysts and cyst-like lesions

A
  • Rare, discrete cavities within a bone that may distort the CORTEX
    o Cavity usually filled with fluid or soft tissue
  • *’not cysts’: have no epithelial lining
  • *may reduce bone strength and cause lameness
41
Q

Fibrous dysplasia

A
  • Uncommon lesion in YOUNG animals
    o Likely a developmental defect
  • Expanding mass of fibro-osseous tissue that results in DISTORTION and WEAKENING of the cortex of the affected bone

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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