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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 7 – Diseases of the Nasal Cavity, Larynx and Trachea > Flashcards

7 – Diseases of the Nasal Cavity, Larynx and Trachea Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical signs with nasal cavity diseases

A
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal discharge
  • *non-specific
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2
Q

Diseases of dogs

A
  • Aspergillosis
  • Foreign body rhinitis
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Carcinomas
  • Brachycephalic syndrome
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3
Q

Aspergillosis

A
  • Fungal infection in nasal cavity (can go into sinuses)
  • primarily in dogs
  • goes relatively far back
  • can be very destructive
  • sneezing +/- nasal discharge (may have blood)
    o macrophages and neutrophils
  • Not sure what the initiating cause is (does NOT require immunosuppression)
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4
Q

Aspergillosis nasal discharge

A
  • *sometimes discharge is THICKER and GREENISH colouration
  • Unilateral nasal discharge (may become bilateral later)
  • Can be foul smelling
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5
Q

Foreign body/allergic rhinitis

A
  • Often unilateral nasal discharge +/- sneezing
  • Inflammation=granulomatous, suppurative, pyogranulomatous
    o Macrophages and neutrophils (mix)
  • *acute onset
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6
Q

Allergic rhinitis

A
  • Nasal discharge can have a lot of eosinophils
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7
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Allergies
  • Parasites
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8
Q

Carcinomas

A
  • No specific types
  • Benign or malignant
  • Epithelial or mesenchymal
  • Sneezing (may have blood)
  • Unilateral nasal discharge (creamy or bloody)
  • *most common=adenocarcinoma
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9
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome (ex. SOME brachycephalic dogs)

A
    1. Small nares
    1. Elongated soft palate
    1. Everted laryngeal ventricles (increased respiratory effort)
    1. Tracheal hypoplasia (see tracheal collapse)
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10
Q

Abnormal trachea in brachycephalic syndrome

A
  • Flattened
  • Widened
  • *prone to tracheal collapse
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11
Q

Diseases of cats

A
  • Viral diseases
  • Cryptococcus
  • Polyps
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12
Q

Viral respiratory diseases in cats

A
  • Feline Herpes virus 1
  • Feline Calicivirus
  • *can’t differentiate clinically from one another
  • *mucopurulent nasal discharge
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13
Q

Feline Herpes virus 1

A
  • *BILATERAL runny, watery nasal discharge
  • Slight eye discharge
  • If get secondary bacterial infection=thicker nasal discharge
  • *can cause more significant disease
    o Conjunctivitis
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14
Q

Feline Calicivirus

A
  • Can cause sever ULCERATION of the mouth (pharynx, upper respiratory tract)
  • Bilateral nasal discharge
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15
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A
  • Pneumonia associated with bacterial infections
  • *often those that have a previous viral infection
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16
Q

Cryptococcus in cats

A
  • Fungal infection (ex. yeast)
  • *Cryptococcus neoformans (C. gattii in BC)
  • INHALED fungal spores
  • Destruction of tissue (if go through cribriform plate=into brain)
  • Crypto=secret
  • *gelatinous mass siting in the back
  • Pneumonia in rare cases
17
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyp in cats

A
  • Growing on a stalk
  • Typically, in back of nasopharynx (more difficult to pass endotracheal tube)
  • More often inflammatory
  • Not sure what the cause is
  • *benign inflammatory growths
18
Q

Diseases of horse

A
  • Viral infections
  • Ethmoidal hematomas
  • Strangles
  • Guttural pouch mycosis/empyema
19
Q

Viral diseases of horses

A
  • Herpes virus 1 and 4
  • Equine influenza
  • Equine rhinitis
20
Q

Ethmoidal hematomas (horse)

A
  • PROGRESSIVE collections of blood
  • Space occupying masses=giant blood clot
  • *originate form ethmoid bone
  • Not sure what the cause is
  • Occurs in holder horses
  • Signs: mass, bleeding
21
Q

Strangles (horse)

A
  • Bacterial infection (Streptococcus equi spp. equi)
  • Thicker nasal discharge (green, yellow, red)
  • *Bilateral suppurative lymphadenitis (by the trachea)
  • If rupture, could aspirate and go to lungs=bronchopneumonia
22
Q

Clinical signs with strangles

A
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Swollen regional lymph nodes
  • fever
23
Q

Potential complications with strangles

A
  • Purpura hemorrhagica (Type III hypersensitivity reaction)
    o Antigen-antibody complexes deposited into blood vessel walls
    o Damage to blood vessels=bleed
  • Infections of the guttural pouch
24
Q

Empyema

A
  • Guttural pouches full of pus
25
Q

Bastards strangles

A
  • Systemically ill
  • Swollen lymph nodes filled with pus other than by the head
  • Ex. GIT mesenteric lymph nodes
26
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis (horse)

A
  • Mycosis=bacterial infection
  • Damage to laryngeal nerves=roar
    o Atrophy of cricoarytenoid cricialis
  • Inflammation into large vessel=massive hemorrhage
  • *Aspergillus sp.
27
Q

Diseases of cattle

A
  • Bovine herpes virus 1 (aka: IBR)
    o Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (NOSE + TRACHEA)
    o *can also cause aborptions
  • Nasal discharge, reddening
  • localized destruction of trachea and fibrin depositions
  • *often due to deeper infection in the lungs
  • Death usually associated with secondary bronchopneumonia
28
Q

Diseases of sheep and goats

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Nasal bots
29
Q

Transmissible nasal tumour in goats/sheep

A
  • Virally induced tumour in sheep (can have FLOCK outbreaks)
  • Massive tumours in nasal cavity
    o Difficulty breathing and sneezing
  • Can cause disease=obstruct breathing and cause nasal deformities
  • *retrovirus
30
Q

Nasal bots (sheep and goats)

A
  • Oestrus ovis
  • Larvae migrate and develop in the nasal cavity
31
Q

Disease of pigs

A
  • Atrophic rhinitis
  • Necrotic rhinitis
  • Inclusion body rhinitis
32
Q

Atrophic rhinitis (pigs)

A
  • Destruction of nasal cavity and nasal turbinate’s
  • Osteoclasts start to reabsorb bone
  • *can lead to nasal deformation, sneezing and coughing
  • Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica
33
Q

Necrotic rhinitis (‘bull nose): pigs

A
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Swelling and nasal deformities with nasal discharge
34
Q

Inclusion body rhinitis

A
  • Suid herpesvirus 2
  • Young piglets: sneezing and nasal discharge
  • *can also cause abortions and mummified fetuses
35
Q

Laynx and trachea diseases of dogs

A
  • Oslerus oslerii
  • Trachela collapse
36
Q

Oslerus oslerii

A
  • Nematode parasite causing distinctive nodules that form at tracheal bifurcation
  • Uncommon disease (maybe stray/rescue dogs)
37
Q

Tracheal collapse

A
  • Very wide dorsal ligament
  • Tracheal rigidity
  • Flattened tracheal rings
  • *distinctive non-productive cough (honking)
  • Ex. brachycephalic syndrome in dogs
38
Q

Necrotic laryngitis in cattle

A
  • *Fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Acute or chronic
  • Primarily in feedlot, but rarely
  • Pathogenesis not understood
    o Ulceration caused by upper respiratory infections may lead to colonization of the Fusobacterium
  • PAINFUL COUGHING
  • *ulceration and necrosis of laryngeal mucosa

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (11 decks)

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