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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 15a – Intro to Hematopoietic > Flashcards

15a – Intro to Hematopoietic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 tissues of the hematopoietic system?

A
  • Myeloid tissue
  • Lymphoid tissue
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2
Q

Myeloid tissue consists of

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Blood cells
  • Mononuclear-phagocyte system
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3
Q

Lymphoid tissue consists of

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Accessory lymphoid tissue
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4
Q

How can you clinically evaluate the hematopoietic system? (easily accessible ones)

A
  • CBC
  • Blood smears
  • Peripheral lymph node aspirate
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5
Q

How can you clinically evaluate the hematopoietic system? (more invasive techniques)

A
  • Bone marrow aspirates
  • Biopsies: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
  • Necropsy: useful for lymphoid organs, less for marrow
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6
Q

Where are blood cells made in the embryo?

A
  • Yolk sac
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7
Q

Where are blood cells made in the fetus?

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Lymph node
  • Bone marrow
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8
Q

Where are blood cells made in neonates?

A
  • Mostly bone marrow
    o Long and flat bones
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9
Q

Where are blood cells made in the adults?

A
  • Bone marrow in all regions of flat bones and extremities of long bones
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10
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)

A
  • When it is NEEDED!
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11
Q

Even though bone marrow is in multiple sites, it will respond as a

A
  • *SINGLE TISSUE
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12
Q

Samples of bone marrow can be taken from any bone with red marrow

A
  • Proximal femur, iliac crest, proximal humerus of dogs and cats
  • Sternum of horses
  • Proximal rib of cattle
  • *aspirates and core biopsies
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13
Q

What are some abnormalities IDed on hematology that indicate bone marrow issues?

A
  • Unexplained cytopenia’s
  • Maturation or morphological defects (atypical cells in circulation)
  • Suspected myeloproliferative diseases
  • Potential malignancies metastatic to marrow
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14
Q

Bone marrow aspirate/smears: microscopic evaluation

A
  • Interpreted by clinical pathologists
  • Important for
    o Cell morphology
    o Erythroid to myeloid ratio
    o Primary or metastatic neoplasia
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15
Q

Bone marrow core biopsy: microscopic evaluation

A
  • Interpreted by anatomic pathologists
  • Import for
    o Ratio of fat to hematopoietic cells
    o Myelofibrosis
    o Primary or metastatic neoplasia
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16
Q

The END result of pathology of bone marrow and blood cells depends on TYPE of cell damage

A
  • Multipotent stem cells: multiple cell lines affected
  • Committed stem cells: one or more lines affected
  • Differentiated cells: one cell type affected
17
Q

Cytopenias and anemia mean

A
  • Decreases in cell lines
18
Q

Cytoses and philias mean

A
  • Increases in cell lines
19
Q

What are changes reflected by in the bone marrow?

A
  • Increased OR decreased cellularity
  • *changes in proportion of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) to adipose tissue (yellow marrow)
20
Q

What are the different ‘diseases’/disorders that can occur to bone marrow?

A
  • Hereditary disorders
  • Degeneration/necrosis
  • Inflammation
  • Adaptations of growth
  • Neoplasia
21
Q

Hematopoietic tissue is HIGHLY ACTIVE=it is susceptible to insults, what are some examples?

A
  • Radiation
  • Toxins/drugs
  • Viral agents
  • Immune mediated
  • Idiopathic
22
Q

Osteomyelitis

A
  • Inflammation of bone (osteitis) AND medullary cavity (myelitis)
23
Q

Bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia

A
  • Decrease proliferative activity
  • One or multiple cell lines can be affected
24
Q

What are 3 causes of bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?

A
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Lack of nutrients
  • Endocrine dysfunction
25
Q

What are reasons for bone marrow suppression? (hypoplasia/aplasia)

A
  • Estrogen (exogenous and endogenous)
  • Chronic disease
  • Chronic renal disease
26
Q

What are some nutrients, that if lacking can lead to bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?

A
  • Iron
  • Vitamin B12
  • Folate
27
Q

What type of endocrine dysfunction can lead to bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
28
Q

What does bone marrow hypoplasia look like GROSSLY?

A
  • Increased white or yellow marrow
29
Q

What does bone marrow hypoplasia look like histologically?

A
  • Increased ratio of fat to hematopoietic cells
  • Normal: 50/50
30
Q

What is bone marrow hyperplasia?

A
  • Proliferative response
    o May affect one or multiple cell lines
  • *response to increased peripheral damage or hypofunction of blood cells
31
Q

Erythroid hyperplasia is a response to

A
  • Anemia
32
Q

Megakaryocytic hyperplasia is a response to

A
  • Decreased platelets
33
Q

What are the types of myeloid hyperplasia? (3)

A
  • Neutrophilia
  • Eosinophilia
  • Monocytosis
34
Q

Neutrophilia may indicate

A
  • Bacterial infections
  • Tissue necrosis
35
Q

Eosinophilia may indicate

A
  • Parasites
  • Hypersensitivities
36
Q

Monocytosis may indicate

A
  • Chronic infections
  • Specific agents
37
Q

What are the gross lessions of bone marrow hyperplasia?

A
  • Red marrow replaces the yellow marrow
    o Metaphyses
    o Endosteal surfaces of diaphysis
    o Progresses to occupy entire marrow cavity
38
Q

What are the histological lesions of bone marrow hyperplasia?

A
  • Increased cellularity (decreased ratio of fat to hematopoietic cells)
  • One or more cells lines can be affected
  • Shift toward immaturity (ex. left shift in neutrophils)
  • Extramurally hematopoiesis (spleen and liver) IF SEVERE
39
Q

Serous atrophy of fat (bone marrow atrophy)

A
  • Gelatinous transformation of fat within marrow
  • *due to cachexia
    o Secondary to chronic diseases, inflammatory reactions, cancer
  • *amber colour
    o Sometimes osteopenia=reduced thickness of cortical bone

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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