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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 16a - Hematopoietic Neoplasia Cont. > Flashcards

16a - Hematopoietic Neoplasia Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 types of plasma cell tumours?

A
  1. Cutaneous plasmacytoma
  2. Extramedullary (and non-cutaneous) plasmacytoma
  3. Multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma)
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2
Q

Cutaneous plasmacytoma

A
  • Solid tumour of plasma cell originating in skin
  • Mature animals
    o Most frequently dogs
    o Rarely cats
  • Usually solitary benign lesion=surgical excision is often CURATIVE
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3
Q

Cutaneous plasmacytoma microscopically

A
  • UNIFORM population of well-differentiated plasma cells OR
  • Marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis (anaplastic plasmacytoma)
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4
Q

Extramedullary plasmacytoma

A
  • Solid tumour of plasma cell origin arising from sites OTHER THAN bone marrow and skin
  • RARE: More often in dogs (Cocker Spaniels=predisposed)
  • Arise in GI tract, but may occur in trachea, spleen, kidney, uterus, etc.
  • *more aggressive than cutaneous plasmacytoma with occasional METASTASIS to LYMPH NODES
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5
Q

Multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma)

A
  • Relatively UNCOMMON in domestic animals
    o Most often in dogs and cats
  • *malignant tumours of plasma cell origin arise WITHIN BONE MARROW
    o Neoplastic cells secret Ig leading to hypergammaglobulinemia
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6
Q

How is hypergammaglobulinemia detected?

A
  • Serum protein electrophoresis as a monoclonal spike in globulin fraction
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7
Q

What can hypergammaglobulinemia lead to

A
  • Hyper viscosity syndrome
  • Light-chain (Bence-Jones) proteinuria
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8
Q

Hyperviscosity syndrome from hypergammaglobulinemia

A
  • Sludging of blood cells
  • Hypotension
  • Shock
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9
Q

Light chain (Bence-Jones) proteinuria

A
  • Proteins are FREE Ig LIGHT CHAINS
    o Pass through glomerulus into urine=detected using electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation
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10
Q

What plasma cell tumours look like GROSSLY?

A
  • Sections of bone exhibit:
    o Multiple dark-red soft/gelatinous tissue nodules filling areas of bone resorption/lysis
  • 2/3 of dog cases have radiographic ‘punched out’ lesion in skeleton
  • *found in haematopoietically active bone, MOST common in VERTEBRAE
  • May have hypercalcemia
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11
Q

What do plasma cell tumours look like HISTOLOGICALLY?

A
  • Masses composed of sheets of neoplastic plasma cells in bone marrow
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of plasma cell tumours?

A
  • Lameness
  • Ill-defined pain
  • Lethargy
  • *paraplegia can occur due to direct spinal cord compression by protrusion of masses into vertebral canal or secondary to pathological vertebral fracture
  • *SLOW PROGRESSIVE
  • *neoplastic cells may metastasize to spleen, liver, lymph nodes and kidneys
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13
Q

Myeloproliferative disease: ‘definition’

A
  • Neoplastic transformation of one or more bone marrow cell lines
    o Granulocytes
    o Erythrocytes
    o Megakaryocytes
    o Monocytes
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14
Q

Myeloproliferative disease: 4 types

A
  • Myeloid leukemia
  • Myelodysplastic syndrome
  • Histiocytic neoplasia
  • Mast cell tumours (often not included in myeloproliferative disease)
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15
Q

Myeloid leukemia (clinical pathology) origins (4)

A
  • Erythroid
  • Granulocytic
  • Monocytic
  • Megakaryocytic
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16
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome (clinical pathology)

A
  • Group of myeloid proliferative diseases characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis
  • *rare in Vet med: most often seen in FeLV-infected cats
17
Q

Histiocytic neoplasia/proliferative diseases

A
  • Most commonly in DOGS
    o Wide range of disorders which vary in clinical behaviour
18
Q

What are the histiocytic proliferative disorders seen in dogs? (3)

A
  1. Cutaneous histiocytoma
  2. Canine reactive histiocytosis
  3. Histiocytic sarcoma and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma
19
Q

Canine reactive histiocytosis

A
  • Limited to skin (cutaneous) OR simultaneously affects skin and other organs (systemic histiocytosis)
  • *immunoregulatory disorder (rather than true neoplasia)
    o Lesions respond to immunosuppressive therapy
20
Q

What is the cell of origin in canine reactive histiocytosis?

A
  • Activated dermal/interstitial dendritic cell (antigen presenting cell)
21
Q

How is canine reactive histiocytosis characterized?

A
  • Multifocal skin masses which wax and wane
22
Q

Bernese Mountain dogs are predisposed to systemic form of canine reactive histiocytosis which involves

A
  • Skin
  • Peripheral lymph nodes
  • Ocular/nasal mucosa
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Spleen
23
Q

Histiocytic sarcoma and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma

A
  • RARE MALIGNANT tumours of histiocytic origin
  • Most often in DOGS
  • Solitary nodules OR multiple lesion that rapidly disseminate
  • *poor prognosis
  • *responds poorly to routine chemotherapy
24
Q

Which breeds are more prone to histiocytic sarcoma and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma?

A
  • Bernese Mountain dogs
  • Rottweilers
  • Flat-coated Retrievers
25
Q

Where do solitary nodules of histiocytic sarcoma often arise in?

A
  • Subsynovium of the joints OR in subcutis
  • Other primary sites include: spleen, lymph nodes, etc.
26
Q

Disseminated histiocytic sarcoma

A
  • Aggressive multisystemic disease
  • Characterized by presence of multiple tumour masses in several organ systems
27
Q

What are the primary sites of disseminated histiocytic sarcoma?

A
  • Spleen
  • Lung
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes
  • Skin
  • subcutis
28
Q

What are masses of histiocytic sarcoma composed of?

A
  • Atypical histiocytes
  • May arise from dendritic cells OR less often macrophages
    o If from macrophages: may be avidly hemophagocytic causing rapidly progressive ANEMIA
29
Q

What are 2 types of mast cell tumours?

A
  1. Cutaneous mast cell tumours
  2. Systemic mastocytosis/visceral mast cell tumours
30
Q

Systemic mastocytosis/visceral mast cell tumours

A
  • Primarily affects the hematopoietic system, especially the SPLEEN
  • Most commonly occurs in CATS
31
Q

What does systemic mastocytosis/visceral mast cell tumours look like grossly?

A
  • Splenomegaly (diffuse or nodular)
  • intestine and liver may be affected
32
Q

What does systemic mastocytosis/visceral mast cell tumours look like microscopically?

A
  • Effacement of splenic architecture by DENSE sheets of mast cells
  • *ID mast cells using toludine blue staining
33
Q

Secondary neoplasia of bone marrow

A
  • Result of metastasis of NON-marrow origin neoplastic cells to the bone marrow
34
Q

What is myelophthis?

A
  • Replacement of hematopoietic tissue within the bone marrow by ABNORMAL TISSUE
    o Usually replaced by fibrous tissue (=myelofibrosis) OR malignant cells
    o May be reflected in peripheral blood as PANCYTOPENIA

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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