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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 15 - Vertebrae I > Flashcards

15 - Vertebrae I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomy of a typical vertebra?

A
  • Body
  • Arch: 2 pedicles and 2 laminae
  • Multiple processes
  • Vertebral foramen: from the body and arch=tube
    o All together=spinal canal
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2
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A
  • Excision of the dorsal arch of vertebra
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3
Q

How many primary and secondary ossification centers are there in a vertebrae at birth?

A
  • 3 primary
    o 1 for body
    o 1 for each side of arch
  • 9 secondary associated
    o 2 epiphyses of the body
    o Spinous process
    o 2 transverse processes
    o 2 cranial articular processes
    o 2 caudal articular processes
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4
Q

What are the 5 ossification centers of MOST importance?

A
  • 3 primary
  • 2 epiphyses
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5
Q

What are the short vertebral ligaments?

A
  • Intervertebral disks
  • Interspinous ligaments
  • Intertransverse ligaments
  • Interarcuate ligaments
  • Intercapital ligaments
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6
Q

What are the bodies of most vertebrae joined by?

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous disk=intervertebral disks
    o Annulus fibrosis
    o Nucleus pulposus
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7
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A
  • Concentric layers of fibrous tissue that encircles the pulpy nucleus
    o 70% of dry weight is collagen
  • *not all form complete rings
    o Some interrupted on DORSOLATERAL aspect
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8
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A
  • Gelatinous globule
    o 80-90% water in young animals
  • Cervical and lumbar regions: ECCENTRICALLY within the disk so that ventral portion of annulus fibrosus is 2-3x as thick as the dorsal portion
  • Other regions: dorsal portion is THINNER than ventral
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9
Q

What connects the adjacent vertebral spines?

A
  • Interspinous ligament
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10
Q

What connects the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Intertransverse ligaments
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11
Q

What are the interarcuate ligaments?

A
  • Bands of YELLOW elastic tissue
  • Attach and extend between VENTRAL aspects of laminae of 2 adjacent vertebrae
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12
Q

What is lateral to the interarcuate ligaments?

A
  • They blend with articular capsules surrounding the articular processes
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13
Q

What is ventral to the interarcuate ligaments?

A
  • Epidural space
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14
Q

What are the intercapital ligaments?

A
  • Run from head of one rib over the dorsal part of intervertebral disk, under the dorsal longitudinal ligament ot the head of the opposite rib
  • *between heads
  • *NOT present in first or last few pairs of ribs
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15
Q

What are the long vertebral ligaments?

A
  • Nuchal ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Ventral longitudinal ligament
  • Dorsal longitudinal ligament
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16
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A
  • Attaches spinous processes of the axis (C2) to T1
  • Blends into the supraspinous ligament
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17
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A
  • Connects the apices of the spinous processes from T1 to the coccygeal vertebrae
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18
Q

What is the ventral longitudinal ligament?

A
  • Lies on ventral surfaces of vertebral bodies from the axis to the sacrum
19
Q

What is the dorsal longitudinal ligament?

A
  • Lies on the dorsal surfaces of the vertebral bodies
  • *forms part of the floor of the vertebral canal
20
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joints within the vertebral column?

A
  • Atlanto-occipital joint
  • Atlantoaxial joint
  • Paired cranial and caudal articular processes associated with arch
    o Form joints between adjoining vertebra caudal to the axis
  • Paired cranial and caudal articular processes with head of each rib
21
Q

What is ‘spondyl(o)’?

A
  • Combining form denoting relationship to a vertebra or the spine
22
Q

What is ‘disko or disco’?

A
  • Combining form denoting relationship to a disk
23
Q

What are the 5 ‘pathological’ lesions/disorders that can occur to vertebrae?

A
  • Developmental disorders
  • Inflammation
  • Metabolic bone disease
  • Proliferative changes
  • Neoplasia
24
Q

What are the type of developmental anomalies that can occur in vertebral column?

A
  • Aplasia or hypoplasia of the dens
  • Spina bifida
  • Block vertebrae
  • Hemivertebrae
  • Transitional vertebrae
25
Q

Aplasia or hypoplasia of the dens

A
  • Uncommon anomaly in toy-breed dogs
    o Occasionally seen in other dogs and species of animals
26
Q

What happens as a result of the absence or reduced size of the dens?

A
  • Joint instability
  • Atlantoaxial subluxation
  • Trauma or compression of the spinal cord resulting in CERVICAL MYELOPATHY
27
Q

What is myelopathy?

A
  • Disease of spinal cord
    o Functional disturbance or non-inflammatory lesion of the spinal cord
  • (also refers to a disease of bone marrow)
28
Q

Spina bifida

A
  • Incomplete closure of the dorsal lamina
  • May or may not be associated with clinical disease
  • Pathogenesis is not completely understood
29
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  • Defect only involves bone
30
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A
  • Defect with protrusion of the meninges
    o With or without the spinal cord
31
Q

What is the protrusion of the meninges through the body defect called?

A
  • Spinal meningocele
32
Q

What is a spinal myelomeningocele?

A
  • When the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the bony defect
33
Q

What is dysraphism?

A
  • Incomplete closure of a raphe
  • Ex. defective fusion
34
Q

In what pet animals does spina bifida most commonly occur in?

A
  • Dogs with ‘screw-tails’
    o Boston terrier, pug, French and English Bulldog
  • Manx cats
35
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A
  • Genetic component in some cases
  • Specific toxins
    o Folate (vitamin B9) in humans plays a role
36
Q

What are block vertebrae a result of?

A
  • 2 or more vertebral bodies fusing into a single vertebra during development
    o Partial blocking may occur
37
Q

Block vertebrae

A
  • Usually the length of 2 normal vertebrae
    o May be shorter
  • Stable=do NOT cause spinal cord compression
    o Little clinical importance: even when intervertebral articulations adjacent to block may be abnormally stressed
  • *differentiate from clinically significant acquired fusion of vertebrae (ex. following fracture or infection)
38
Q

What are hemivertebrae a result of?

A
  • Incomplete ossification of one or more ossification centers
    o RESULTS IN partially developed vertebrae
  • *may or may not cause clinical disease
39
Q

What is a wedge vertebrae?

A
  • Unilateral, dorsal or ventral hemivertebra
40
Q

What is a ‘butterfly’ vertebrae?

A
  • Defect through the length of vertebra
41
Q

What are some disorders associated with hemivertebrae?

A
  • Deformities of vertebral column
  • Displaced vertebrae
  • *trauma or compression to the spinal cord due to instability and secondary bone changes
    o May produce clinical disease
42
Q

Transitional vertebrae

A
  • Features of vertebrae from 2 different regions
  • *most are NOT associated with clinical disease
43
Q

What are the 4 junctions where transitional vertebrae may occur?

A
  • Cervicothoracic
  • Thoracolumbar
  • Lumbosacral
  • Sacrocaudal
44
Q

What are some examples of transitional vertebrae?

A
  • Caudal cervical vertebra that has transverse process resembling ribs
  • Caudal lumbar vertebra that fuses with sacrum

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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