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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 10 – Pneumonia (Ruminants, Swine) > Flashcards

10 – Pneumonia (Ruminants, Swine) Flashcards

1
Q

Shipping fever in cattle

A
  • *most common economically in Canada
  • Typically pattern is naïve stressed calves that are mixed with other calves
    o Viral infections reduce respiratory defenses
    o Secondary bacterial infections then lead to bronchopneumonia
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2
Q

Shipping fever ‘steps’

A
  1. Stress (ex. off pasture into feedlots)
  2. Immune suppression
  3. Viral infection
  4. Impaired defenses: get secondary infection with a bacteria
  5. Bronchopneumonia
    *tend to not notice it until have bronchopneumonia
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3
Q

Bronchopneumonia (cows): ‘pneumonic pasteurellosis’ grossly

A
  • cranio-ventral consolidation
  • fibrinopurlent exudate in airways and possibly pleura
  • red to purple to black discoloured lobules
  • widened intra-lobular septa
  • areas of necrosis
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4
Q

3 bacteria that are most commonly involved in bronchopneumonia

A
  • Mannheima haemolytica
  • Histophilus somni
  • Pasteurella multocida
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5
Q

Clinical signs of bronchopneumonia in cattle

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
  • Possible increased respiratory rate
  • Coughing
  • Nasal discharge
  • *if concurrent tracheitis=probably combined infection with IBR
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6
Q

Notes about culture for bronchopneumonia

A
  • Treatment with antibiotics can result in negative culture
  • H. somni: wimpy bacteria and often overgrown by other bacteria before testing complete
  • Sampling best done at edges of lesions
    o Centers can be colonized by secondary bacteria (Trueperella pyogenes)
    o May lead to chronic pneumonias
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7
Q

What are the viruses that can lead to pneumonias in cattle?

A
  • IBR
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
  • Coronavirus
  • Parainfluenza
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8
Q

Viral infections

A
  • Usually associated with a stressor
  • Secondary infections are common (clinical signs not seen until this)
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9
Q

Viral infections: lesions

A
  • *most typical of a bronchointerstitial pneumonia
  • Cranioventral atelectasis
  • Rubbery firmer texture to the lung
  • Emphysema particularly in the dorsal lobes
  • Lung fail to collapse normally
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10
Q

Diagnosis of viral infections

A
  • Histology or virus isolation
  • *by time of sampling, viral disease is gone or masked by SECONDARY bronchopneumonia
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11
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A
  • Cause of chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome
  • Often seen with other pneumonias
  • Occurs later in calves (compared to bronchpneumonias)
  • Abscesses
  • Ex. bison: huge damage=entire lung is a sequestrum
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12
Q

Characteristic features of mycoplasma bovis

A
  • Development of multifocal areas of caseous necrosis
  • Abscesses
  • Sequestrums
  • *cranioventral lung lobes
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13
Q

Toxic lung disease: 3-methylindole toxicity (fog fever): ‘steps’ (CATTLE)

A
  1. Lush green pasture (high levels of tryptophan) *within a few days
  2. Conversion in rumen to 3 methylindole
  3. Transport via blood where Clara cells and type II pneumocytes convert to a toxic intermediate
  4. Destruction of type I pneumocytes
  5. *Interstitial pneumonia, massive edema and emphysema
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14
Q

Lesions with toxic lung disease

A
  • Diffuse pulmonary edema
  • Emphysema
  • Heavy rubber lungs
  • *other possible toxins and direct irritant gases can result in alveolar epithelial damage and similar gross signs
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15
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Air outside out of alveoli
  • ‘gas leaks’ out into intralobular septa
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16
Q

Interstitial pneumonia of feedlot cattle

A
  • Disease similar to 3-methylindole toxicity
  • Underlying cause is UNKNOWN (feed releated)
  • Seen sporadically in S. Alberta
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17
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm)

A
  • More common in cooler, wetter climates
  • Worms visible in bronchi of caudal lobes
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18
Q

Multiple disease presentations of lungworm in calves

A
  • Acute interstitial pneumonia in claves exposed to a field contaminated with large numbers of larvae
    o typically no adult worms seen in this condition
  • chronic infections in cattle with adult worms in bronchi
    o actively shedding into environment
  • ‘reinfection syndrome’
19
Q

‘reinfection syndrome’ in cattle with lungworm

A
  • Occurs when adult cattle are reintroduced to large numbers of larvae
    o Incites an acute onset of disease and NO adult worms may be grossly evident
20
Q

Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB)

A
  • Zoonotic (IMMEDIATELY reportable)
  • farmed deer and elk can develop it, but tends to look more like abscesses with a softer more fluid exudate in centre
21
Q

Bovine TB grossly

A
  • Granuloma formation in lymph nodes (retropharyngeal and tracheobronchial) and lung
  • *number of granulomas can be very small (ex. 1)
22
Q

Aspiration pneumonia usually seen secondary to some other issue

A
  • Force feeding
  • Cleft palate
  • Recumbency
23
Q

Aspiration pneumonia (cows)

A
  • Cranioventral distribution
  • Green, black
  • Unilateral
  • Foul smelling
24
Q

Diseases of sheep and goats

A
  • Bronchopneumonia (bacterial)
  • Lentiviruses
  • Muellerius capillaris (lung worm)
  • Caseous lymphadenitis
25
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A
  • *pneumonic pasteurellosis
  • Caused by same bacteria as in cattle
  • Can occur as a septicemic form in lambs (septicemic pasteurellosis)
  • *ONLY 1 of the 2 forms present in a given animal
26
Q

Septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs: 3 bacteria

A
  • Mannheimia haemolytica
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Bibersteinia trehalosi
27
Q

Lentiviruses (sheep and goats)

A
  • Caused by retroviruses and produce 2 syndromes which are similar but in different species
    o Maedi visna (sheep)
    o Caprine arthritis encephalitis (goats)
28
Q

Maedi visna (lentiviruses)

A
  • Ingested via colostrum, but disease does NOT appear until animals are adults
  • ‘lung form’ and ‘neurologic disease’
  • Causes chronic weight loss and dyspnea
  • Grossly: lungs are pale, heavy, wet and fail to collapse
  • Animals may have polyarthritis and mastitis
29
Q

Caprine arthritis encephalitis

A
  • Same as Maedi visna but goats
  • *main difference=can occur in young goats (other one=adult animals)
30
Q

Muellerius capillaris (lungworm)

A
  • Sheep and goats
    o Usually subclinical in sheep
  • Red to grey nodules in the dorsocaudal lung
31
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  • ‘onion’ skin in lymph nodes and lungs
    o Rings
32
Q

Disease of pigs

A
  • Bronchopneumonias
  • Swine influenza
  • Porcine circovirus
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
  • Polyserositis
33
Q

Bronchopneumonias (swine) bacteria involved

A
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Actinobacillus suis
  • Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis
  • Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
34
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (bronchopneumonia)

A
  • Results in bronchopneumonia UNIQUE to location=CAUDAL DORSAL lungs
  • Fibrinous pleuritic commonly seen along pneumonia
35
Q

Actinobacillus suis (bronchopneumonia)

A
  • Causes lesions similar to above bacteria
36
Q

Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis (bronchopneumonia)

A
  • Both cause a bronchopneumonia similar to those seen in cattle
37
Q

Mycoplasma hypopneumonia (bronchopneumonia)

A
  • Often a primary disease
  • Can predispose animals to secondary bronchopneumonia
  • Gross lesions: cranioventral, paler and more rubbery then typical bacterial bronchopneumonia
  • Airways often contain LARGE amounts of mucopurulent exudate
38
Q

Swine influenza

A
  • Viral disease
  • Ex. H1N1 more common
  • Lesion: rubbery lung, redness in cranio-ventral portions (alectais=collapse)
  • Potentially zoonotic
39
Q

Swine influenza causes rapidly spreading severe cough through herd

A
  • Morbidity: high
  • Mortality: tends to be low
    o Can be increased due to secondary bacterial infections
40
Q

Porcine circovirus

A
  • *Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenomegaly
  • Heavy
  • Wet
  • Failure to collapse
  • Rib impressions
  • Ex. circovirus 2 or 3
41
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

A
  • Caused by arterivrius
  • Can cause diffuse interstitial pneumonia indistinguishable from the circovirus one
  • Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonias are possible
  • Also associated with abortion and reproductive failure
42
Q

PRRS lesions

A
  • Pale
  • Wet
  • Fail to collapse
43
Q

Polyserositis (swine)

A
  • Relatively common compared to other species
  • Multiple serosal surfaces affected
    o Thorax, abdomen and joints in some combination
  • fibrinous pleuritis in young pigs=common
    o Lots of fibrin on lungs and in abdominal cavity
  • *septic=in blood stream
  • **CO-INFECTIONS
  • Need bacterial to confirm specific diagnosis
44
Q

Fibrinous pleuritis in polyserositis caused by a number of bacteria

A
  • Mycoplasma hyorhinis
  • Strep suis
  • Haemophilus parasuis
  • E. coli in neonates

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (11 decks)

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