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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 16 - Vertebrae II > Flashcards

16 - Vertebrae II Flashcards

1
Q

How might deformities of the vertebral column occur?

A
  • Congenital and result of malformed vertebrae
  • Acquired following trauma, degeneration or other disease
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2
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • Lateral deviation of the vertebral column
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3
Q

Kyphosis

A
  • Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column
  • *’humpback’
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4
Q

Lordosis

A
  • Ventral deviation of vertebral column
  • *swayback
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5
Q

Scoliokyphosis or kyphoscoliosis

A
  • Lateral and dorsal deviation of the vertebral column
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6
Q

What is torticollis or wry neck?

A
  • Twisting of neck and unnatural position of head associated with a contracted state of cervical muscles
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7
Q

What are the various combinations of deformities that are part of congenital disease of a deformed vertebral column?

A
  • Skull deformities
  • Limb deformities
  • Soft tissue lesions
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8
Q

What are some congenital diseases of the vertebral column?

A
  • Contracted foals
  • Crooked calves
  • Acorn calves
  • *similar disease of lambs, goats, and pigs
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9
Q

What are several causes of the congenital diseases of the vertebral column?

A
  • utero VIRAL infection
  • ingestion of teratogenic plants by the dam
  • deficiency of an essential nutrient
  • *many cases have no know cause
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10
Q

What is spondylitis? What is it a result of?

A
  • Inflammation of vertebra
  • *result of hematogenous spread of microorganisms
    o Less commonly: migration of foreign bodies
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11
Q

What is diskospondylitis?

A
  • Inflammation of an intervertebral disk with inflammation of adjacent vertebrae
  • *usually caused by bacteria
  • May start in either the disk or the vertebrae
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12
Q

What is spondylosis?

A
  • General term for degenerative changes in the vertebral column in which osteophytes develop in the intervertebral space
  • *most common condition of older bulls, horses, pigs, and dogs
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13
Q

What is ankylosing spondylosis?

A
  • Ankylosis (fusion) of adjacent vertebrae because of osteophytes forming bony bridges between vertebrae
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14
Q

What is intervertebral disk disease?

A
  • Encompassing term
  • Refers to diseases associated with the degeneration of intervertebral disks
  • *greatest importance in dogs
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15
Q

Intervertebral disk disease is of greatest importance in dogs and is the most common cause of…

A
  • Myelalgia
  • Paresis
  • Paralysis
  • *brought about by compression of spinal cord caused by presence of disk material in the vertebral column
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16
Q

What are the various terms used in reference to intervertebral disk disease?

A
  • Intervertebral disk displacement
  • Ruptured disks
  • Prolapsed disks
  • Slipped disks
  • Herniated disks
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17
Q

What best describes the disease process of intervertebral disk disease?

A
  • Disk extrusion
  • Disk protrusion
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18
Q

Myelalgia

A
  • Pain in or involving the spinal cord
19
Q

What does disk extrusion indicate?

A
  • That the annulus fibrosis has ruptured
  • Part of the nucleus pulposus has been extruded into the vertebral canal
20
Q

What else is disk extrusion known as?

A
  • Hansen type I herniation
21
Q

What is important with disk extrusion?

A
  • Velocity with which the material extrudes into canal vs. the amount of space the mass occupies
22
Q

What breeds is it most common in?

A
  • Chondrodystrophic breeds
23
Q

What does chondrodystrophic and chondrodysplasia mean?

A
  • Bad cartilage growth
  • Hereditary disorders of growth cartilage that results in disorders of bone growth
  • *Can result in disproportionate dwarfism
24
Q

What does disk protrusion indicate?

A
  • That a disk is budging into the vertebral canal because of shifting of the nucleus pulposus
  • Occurs WITHOUT rupture of the annulus fibrosis
25
Q

What else is disk protrusion known as?

A
  • Hansen type II herniation
26
Q

What is disk protrusion common in?

A
  • Older animals
  • Any type of dogs
27
Q

Disk protrusion importance/progression

A
  • often NOT associated with clinical signs, except maybe PAIN
  • If sufficient material enters vertebral canal, the mass of tissue can cause compression and associated neurological disease
  • *usually precedes extrusion
28
Q

What is the possible pathogenesis of intervertebral disk disease? 2 theories

A
  1. NP becomes elastic=less able to distribute forces in a centrifugal manner
    a. Increased stress on AF during axial compression
    b. Development of fissures in AF
    c. Displacement of NP
  2. Biochemical changes in AF result in structural alterations and weakening with subsequent disk displacement
    a. Both likely occur concurrently
29
Q

What are some predisposing factors of intervertebral disk disease?

A
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Trauma
30
Q

Age as a predisposing factor to intervertebral disk disease

A
  • Rate increases with age
  • NP dehydrates and disk loses ability to function as a cushion=interferes with normal action of vertebral column
31
Q

Genetics as a predisposing factor to intervertebral disk disease

A
  • Differences associated with breed difference in rate and nature of disk degeneration
32
Q

Trauma as a predisposing factor to intervertebral disk disease

A
  • Once a disk has become weakened it may trigger displacement
33
Q

What is cervical stenotic myelopathy?

A
  • Encompassing term
  • Describes disorders of cervical vertebral column that result in:
    o NARROWING of the vertebral canal
    o Compression of spinal cord
    o Associated clinical signs (ex. myelopathy)
34
Q

What are the different terms that cervical stenotic myelopathy has been referred to as?

A
  • Wobbler syndrome
  • Cervical spondylomyelopathy
  • Caudal cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation
35
Q

What is cervical stenotic myelopathy seen in

A
  • Large breed dogs
    o 80% involve Doberman pinschers and Great Danes
  • Horses
    o Male thoroughbreds and quarter horses
36
Q

What are the 2 functional syndromes for grouping cervical stenotic myelopathy?

A
  1. Cervical vertebral instability
  2. Cervical static stenosis
37
Q

What does cervical vertebral instability (CVSM) result in?

A
  • Dynamic or transient stenosis
  • Ex. occurring only when the neck is flexed or extended
38
Q

What is cervical vertebral instability (CVSM) often associated with?

A
  • Intervertebral disk disease
    o Results in ‘vertebral tipping’ with protrusion of craniodorsal surface of vertebral body into the vertebral canal during flexion
    o Hansen type II disc protrusion associated with thickening of dorsal longitudinal ligament=compression of spinal cord when next is extended
39
Q

When does cervical static stenosis occur?

A
  • Regardless of movement or position of neck
  • Less common type
40
Q

What can cervical static stenosis be caused by?

A
  • Developmental or acquired malformation of one or more vertebrae
    o Results in funnel-shaped or undulating vertebral canal
  • Thickening of ligamenta flava, dorsal laminae or joint capsule of the articular facets
41
Q

The cause of CVSM in some horses is osteochondrosis dissecans of the articular facets that lead to

A
  • Joint instability and either
    o Subluxation: cervical vertebral instability
    o Degenerative joint disease: cervical static stenosis
42
Q

Spinal neoplasia

A
  • Can be primary and benign OR primary and malignant
  • Usually not clinically significant until it COMPRESSES nervous tissue ore results in pathologic fracture of vertebrae
43
Q

What are some examples of spinal neoplasia’s?

A
  • Multiple cartilaginous exostoses
  • Sarcomas or myelomas
  • Metastatic hemangiosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanoma, carcinoma

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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