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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 > 8 – Disease of Pleura & Intro to Pneumonia > Flashcards

8 – Disease of Pleura & Intro to Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

Chylothorax

A
  • Accumulation of chyle (lymphatic fluid)
  • ‘milky’ appearance (white, maybe pink ting)
  • *rupture or damage to thoracic duct
  • Commonly idiopathic
    o May have heart failure or neoplasms which obstruct the thoracic duct
  • Dogs and cats
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2
Q

Hemothorax

A
  • Blood in thorax cavity
  • No specific etiology
    o Trauma or ruptured neoplasms
  • Can be associated with ingestion of anti-coagulant rodenticides
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3
Q

Hydrothroax

A
  • Edema in thorax cavity
    o Any causes of edema (heart failure or hypoproteinemia, lymphatic obstruction is possible)
  • *R-sided heart failure=common
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4
Q

Pleuiritis (pleuropneumonia)

A
  • Not common by itself
  • Infection/inflammation of the lining of pleural cavity
  • *extension of pneumonia (bacterial infection from adjacent lung)
  • Primary lesion in: *feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
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5
Q

FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in thorax cavity
    o THICK and viscous
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6
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Presence of air in pleural space (atelectasis)
  • Result of penetrating wound
  • Detected at necropsy by puncture of diaphragm from abdominal side
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7
Q

Pyothorax

A
  • Accumulation of neutrophil rich (suppurative exudate)
  • *often associated with a PENETRATING wound
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8
Q

Mesothelioma

A
  • ONLY tumour of the pleura (malignant)
  • *tumour of the mesothelium
  • NOT common in animals
  • People: exposure to asbestos (develop over decades) NOT case in animals
  • *grows ALONG the pleural surfaces
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9
Q

Overview of patterns of pneumonia (BASED ON WHERE INFLAMMATION IS OCCURING ON A MICROSCOPIC LEVEL)

A
  • Bronchopnemnoia=BACTERIAL
  • Interstitial lung disease (pneumonia)=VIRAL
  • Bronchointerstitial pneumonia=VIRAL
  • Embolic pneumonia=EMBOLISMS
  • Airway disease=HYPERSENSITIVITIES
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10
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A
  • Inflammation is centered on ALVEOLI and small airways
    o Fill with inflammatory cells
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11
Q

Bronchopneumonia causes

A
  • Highly suggestive of BACTERIAL INFECTION
  • Often start with a viral infection, then secondary bacterial infection
    o Bacterial infection=worse=causes disease
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12
Q

Bronchopneumonia grossly

A
  • RED in cranioventral portion
  • May be covered by fibrin
  • First area that the particle ‘falls’
  • Purple-red
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13
Q

Lobar or lobular bronchopneumonia

A
  • Effects all a lung lobe OR just individual lobules within the lung
  • *more severe if a whole lobe
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14
Q

Bronchopneumonia affecting dorsal portion of lung

A
  • In PIGS
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15
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A
  • *black and green colour
  • Often unilateral
  • Cranial-ventral
  • Ruminants=smells bad
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16
Q

Aspiration pneumonia can be associated with

A
  • Vomiting
  • Regurgitation
  • Swallowing issues
  • Iatrogenic
17
Q

Severe cases of bronchopneumonia

A
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Fibrin adhesions
  • Could get sequestrum formation: more common for lesions caused by Mycoplasma bovis
18
Q

Bronchiectasis: resolution

A
  • Looks like an abscess, but is a small airway (bronchiole) that is PLUGGED and FILLED with an exudate
  • More cylindrical (since in an airway)
19
Q

Interstitial lung disease (aka interstitial pneumonia)

A
  • Lesion is within WALL OF ALVEOLAR SEPTA
    o Widened alveolar septa
20
Q

Interstitial lung disease causes

A
  • VIRUSES
  • Toxins
  • Septicemia’s
  • Thermal injury, smokie inhalation
21
Q

Interstitial lung disease grossly

A
  • DIFFUSELY affected
  • pale
  • Lung that fails to collapse (INFLATED)
    o Rib impressions
    o Widened inter-lobular septa
  • HEAVIER
  • FIRMER
  • RUBBERY appearance
22
Q

Interstitial lung disease resolution

A
  • Wide spread damage of type I pneumonocytes
  • *when replaced, get type II pneumonocytes=impaired gas exchange for a while
23
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia (‘subcategory’)

A
  • ALVEOLAR SEPTA(bronchiolar) and ALVEOLI
24
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia causes

A
  • VIRAL
  • Not common
25
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia grossly

A
  • Widened interlobular septa
  • Areas of dark red in cranioventral
  • *broncho and interstitial pneumonias
26
Q

Embolic pneumonia

A
  • Embolism in the lungs
  • *randomly scattered areas of inflammation within the lung
  • Commonly confused with a tumour
  • *suppurative lesions or abscesses
  • Maybe granulomatous lesions (fungal origin)
27
Q

Embolic pneumonia causes

A
  • Ex. liver abscess in cattle
    o Rupture into big vessel on venous side and then ‘shower’ into the lungs
28
Q

Embolic pneumonia grossly

A
  • RANDOM polka dot (multifocal pattern)
  • Acute: hyperemia
29
Q

Airway disease (aka bronchitis, bronchiolitis)

A
  • Inflammation in smaller airways NOT the alveoli or alveolar septa
    o AIRWAY EPITHELIUM DAMAGE
  • Result of smooth muscle contraction and accumulation of material within airways
30
Q

Airway disease causes

A
  • VIRUSES
  • HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
  • Poor living/pollution
  • Less commonly bacteria
31
Q

Airway disease grossly

A
  • Little areas of white (‘small cylinders’)
    o Inflammation in very small airways
  • NOT very dramatic lesions
32
Q

Airway disease resolution (chronic)

A
  • Bronchiolitis obliterans
    o Damage lining of airway epithelium, when heals=scar underneath it (mass of fibrous tissue)=impaired airflow
     Atelectasis
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Increased fibrosis (cor pulmonale)
33
Q

Cor pulmonale

A
  • Anything that causes widespread inflammation and then healing and repair in the lungs
  • Fibrosis in lung=less elastic=increase resistance
    o Over time, can lead to R-sided heart failure as it is very difficult to pump the blood

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY - 1 (24 decks)

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